明朝戏剧表演外文翻译资料

 2022-12-20 10:12

CHAPTER 30

ACTING IN COMMERCIAL TROUPES

During the Ming period, theatre troupes shared many aesthetic, stylistic, and technical elements in acting because of their common historical background. However, court, private, and commercial troupes also demonstrated differences in role-playing, many of which are related to their social and cultural environment. In comparison with court and private troupes, acting in commercial troupes is characterized by maturity, variety, and competitiveness.

1) Maturity

Maturity in acting is defined as the fullness of an actors role-playing ability, the fineness of his performing style, and the powerfulness of his commundcat.Lnq skills. It has little or nothing to do with an actors natural age.

Maturity in acting is an artistic achievement, but is not a measure of the time or effort an actor devotes to his art. A prolonged stage life does not guaranteehis maturity in acting, but does offer the opportunity and experience he needs to mature his art.

Maturity in acting is apparent when an actor overcomes the age barrier and creates lasting beauty on stage, instead of depending solely on his youthful beauty. Ding Jizhi, a star actor, 'played [the character] Red Hair Demon [LiuTangs nickname] in The water Margin when he was already80.' Gu Huanggong, the man being honored by the

presentation, composed an impromptu poem expressing surprise at his extremely youthful appearance:

You look a juvenile from all perspectives:

Black hair, red sleeves, with flowers,

Singing all the brothel songs,

Using the fast gambling money.

Often a supervisor fines you for your drunkenness,

When experts love you for your dancers waist.

Few court officials of Zhenyuan [785-804] are seen today,

But here we find an immortal among commoners

(Jiao X. 216).

A number of actors in commercial troupes were vigorous on stage even in old age. Zhou Tiedun is 'eighty years

of age this year, but is stronger than a young man' (JinZhijun Xizhai ji, vol. 5, qtid , in Lu E. 145). Wu Yixi and Ding Yantang 'keep their acting ability until their old age, without weakening or decaying' (Pan Z. 54, Luanxiaovol. 2).

Actors in a private troupe relied more on their youthful beauty, probably because they were still teenagers. As actors, they left the stage before they lost their youthful beauty.

Maturity in acting is demonstrated when an actor or actress not only overcomes the sex barrier, but also creates evidence of charm not often seen in the opposite sex.Cross-gender acting was common in the Ming theatre.According to Lu Rong, a Ming scholar, male actors in certain Southern areas used to play female roles:

In the chuanqi plays they enacted, woman [characters]are involved in every plot, and tears in every scene,which easily make people sad. Probably those arethe arts from the decayed dynasty of the SouthernSong. [The male actors] who play woman roles arecalled zhuangdan [literally, false female role-types].They have soft voices and gentle steps. The way theygreet and bow is often true to life (Shuyuan zaji,qtd. in Wang X. 171).

Women also played male roles. In female troupes, all characters, including male roles, were played by actresses.

Simply imitating the opposite sex in realizing a role was not the ideal way to act. An actor or actress of

judgement knew 'obscenity was not to be presented in public,lasciviousness was not to be acted to please the host,and a local dialect was not to be used in faraway places'(Pan Z. 54, Luanxiao vol. 2). Shen Er, a dan role actor,'was good at lifting himself' above reliance on reality:

He walks lightly but not frivolously. He is charming but not obsequious. While the goddess of frost and snow would like him, those beautiful women would most likely envy him (Pan Z. 49, Luanxiao vol. 2).

The maturity of cross-gender acting was judged by its artistic perfection, rather than merely by sexual or

homosexual attraction. Mature acting, such as Shen Errsquo;s initially imitated life but had been beautified and

purified.Therefore it might have spiritual value, or,as Pan put it, 'a goddess would like it. ”Or it might have aesthetic value, as Pan suggested alsoOr it might in saying that beautiful women would envy it for the beauty of

artistry that nature had not granted them.

Maturity in acting becomes evident when a troupe can truly draw its audience into the circumstances of a play,~ and especially when a few spectators are so i.nvolved that they temporarily take theatrical illusions as reality.In a Ming theatre, extremely powerful acting was needed to overcome the conventional elements of the theatre, which constantly reminded spectators of the fact that illusions, instead of reality, were being presented on stage.

Liu Huai, a famed chou actor of the Wanli period(1573-1619), once performed in The Embroidered Coat:An illiterate nobleman of the highest class, who was not very bright, had a dinner party at horne, in which the play about Zheng Yuanhes story was enacted. The chou actor Liu Huai, who was good in setting people to laughing, was able to deeply touch his spectators as well. In the scene about killing a piebald steed and selling servant Lai Xingbao, Lai [played by Liu] wept, because he still felt attached to his master. The nobleman called Lai to his table and awarded him a gold cup full of wine. He comforted Lai, saying:'Since your master wants to sell you, you dont haveto keep your loyalty toward him.' Lai Xingbao could do nothing but keep on saying 'yes' ( Zhou H. 236,vol. 4).

Liu Huais lifelike acting truly touched that nobleman,who in turn produced an unexpected comic scene. But such powerful acting could create tragic results in othercircumstances. During the annu

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明朝戏剧表演

(第三十章)

在明朝,基于当时通俗的时代特点,戏班经常在表演中加入唯美的、体现特殊技艺的元素。然而皇家,私人和商业戏班在演绎角色方面有一定的不同,这取决于他们所处的社会文化环境不同。相比皇家和私人团体,商业戏班中演出更加具有成熟度,多样性和竞争力。

  1. 成熟度

表演的成熟度是判定一个演员角色扮演的能力、表演风格,和他与观众交流的技能的。它与演员的年龄无关。表演的成熟度是一种艺术成就,但不能用其度量一个演员在他的艺术上所花费的时间或精力。长期的舞台表演不能保证他的表演成熟,但确实提供了使他的艺术成熟的机会和经验。

当演员克服年龄障碍,并在舞台上奉献出经久不衰的演出时,表演的成熟度是显而易见的,这完全是依赖于他自身的能力而不是他的年轻和美貌美。通过演出《水浒传》中的“赤发鬼刘唐”而成名的演员丁继智,在当时已经80岁了。顾黄功,在他年轻时,因为感人至深的即兴演出而获得了成功。

商业戏班中的许多演员即使在暮年也活跃的舞台上。 周铁屯在其八十高龄之时,表演能力仍不输年轻人。吴义喜、丁雁塘等名角在晚年也保持着自己的表演能力,没有弱化或衰退。而私人戏班的演员依赖于他们的年轻貌美,可能是因为他们还是青少年。但作为演员,他们在失去他们仰仗的容貌之前就会离开了舞台。

演员表演的成熟度还表现为男演员或女演员不仅克服了性别障碍,更创造出来在同性演绎中经常看不到的魅力。明朝戏剧中的跨性别表演很常见。据一位明代学者陆容所说,某些南方地区的男演员经常扮演女角色:

“在他们制作的传奇剧中,女性角色几乎参与每个情节,哭戏颇多,这很容易让人伤心。 可能是从衰败的南宋王朝衍生出来的艺术特质。扮演女角色的男演员被称为装旦(字面上是假女角色的意思)。他们有柔和的声音和温柔的步伐,他们的迎来送往都是贴近生活中的女性的。”(意译自陆容著《菽园杂记》)

女性也扮演男性角色。 在女戏班,全部角色包括男性角色,都是女演员扮演的。简单地通过模仿异性实现一个角色不是理想的方式。 无论是男女演员都明白“富贵不能淫,威武不能屈”还有“入乡随俗”。 一位装旦演员沈尔曾说过,跨性别演出最重要的是“”依靠现实并善于释放自己”。

“他轻轻地走路,但不轻言。他很迷人,但不是很顺从。表演轻柔仿佛霜雪,那些美丽的女人十分羡慕他。”(意译自陆容著《菽园杂记》)

跨性别表演的成熟度由其艺术完美的程度来判断,而不仅仅是通过性或者同性吸引力。 成熟演员,如沈尔,最初的表演是通过模仿生活中的女性,但后来已形成自己的美学风格。

因此,它具有精神价值,或者,就像陆荣说的那样“神形兼具”,是美丽的女人都会羡慕的,自然并没有赋予她们的美丽。

一个戏班可以表现出演出的成熟度,把观众真正吸引到一场戏中,特别是当很多观众都这么认为的时候,他们暂时把戏剧幻想当成现实。在明剧院,需要非常强大的表演来克服剧院的传统元素,不断提醒观众正在呈现舞台上的是幻想,而不是现实。

万历年间的著名丑角刘淮,曾在《绣襦记》中表演:

“有一位目不识丁的乡绅在自家设宴,宴席上请戏班唱《郑元和》。其中丑角演员刘淮,特别擅长于逗观众笑,能够深深的触动他的观众。在关于杀马和卖仆人的情节,扮演仆人赖兴宝的刘淮哭了,因为他仍然觉得自己是属于他的主人的。乡绅被刘淮的演出打动并赏给他一杯酒。 他安慰赖,说:“你的主人既然想卖你,就没必要保持对他的忠诚。”赖兴宝连连称是。”(意译自董含著《莼乡赘笔》)

刘淮的栩栩如生的表演真正触动了乡绅,从而过来产生了一个意想不到的结果。但是这样强大的表演可能会在其他方面造成悲剧的情况。在枫泾镇的年度庙会上发生过:

有一天,庙会上正演出的是秦桧诬陷并害死岳飞父子的故事,故事的所有细节都是如此真实。突然,一个男人从人群中冲上了舞台。 他用锋利的武器打了扮演秦桧的演员,使受害者受了重伤。当他被抓捕的时候,他回答说:“我从来不知道这个演员,但是当时我的愤怒使我失去了理智,甚至想和秦桧同归于尽。我没有弄清现实和虚幻。(意译自董含著《莼乡赘笔》)

这件事绝不是偶然的,也正如焦循在他《剧说》中所阐述的理论一样,这样的事件也不仅限于未受到教育的观众。在明朝著名文人周忱首次上任之时,当地百姓为了表示欢迎举办了庆祝活动:

活动选择的戏码是岳飞的故事。随着表演的进行, 奸臣秦桧谋划陷害岳飞后东窗事发,周一时冲动打了演员。每个人都震惊,想知道他为何愤怒。 第二天是他的朋友说出了事件的原因。 他说:“打了演员是因为被故事和演员所感染,所以一时不受控制做出了伤人的举动。”

  1. 种类

面对社会各界的不同要求,商业戏班开发了各种演艺技巧和风格。例如杂技和武术,这在皇家和私人戏班中比较罕见,在商业剧团中却颇受欢迎。

作为一个有着一百多个场景的故事——“目连救母”,在明朝十分受欢迎。著名文学家张岱观看了这部戏之后,花费三天三夜画出了这一盛况,画中人数超过10000人,十分壮观。

在戏曲中的武术表演需要演员进行大量的练习。 “目连救母”的演员被请到了安徽省的金阳县去学习和练习武术,因为那里颇负武学盛名。“戏班一般选取30-40个勇猛的壮年人。 他们摔跤和功夫都很好。” (意译自张岱著《陶庵梦忆》)

一些商业戏班的表演技巧闻所未闻,剧团规模相当壮观:

演员在舞台上展示了他们的艺术,比如走钢丝和钢丝舞;桌上和桌旁的杂技;翻筋斗和倒立;金鸡独立和跳绳;钻火圈和舞剑 (意译自张岱著《陶庵梦忆》)

虽然一位评论家斥责这样的杂技是无关紧要的,应该更加注重戏剧的内容。不过至少他们的目的是取悦观众。

一些商业戏班也提出演员们要满足文人的口味。戏曲中“生”和“旦”这种重要的角色的最高标准要求,正如潘之恒在《鸾啸小品》中提出的,首先是“自然无畏”而不是“循规蹈矩”。第二,是“平原和简化”而不是“复杂而详细”。这个标准是在看到兴化戏班演出之后提出来的。“周丹是戏班中最棒的花旦,朱琳和高含也十分优秀。潘欣赏她们的表演,因为它呈现“文人般的长期的思想和持久的品味”。

潘之恒所说的演员的最高标准是角色类型正在“光明和简化。 但据潘说以上三人还没有达到。 最接近的这个标准的三位演员是丁燕堂,吴义喜,陈世环。

在明代的商业戏班里,演戏是永久的职业。而来自私人团体商业团体的演员和何时开始练习呢?在他们大约五岁时,私人团体演员的职业生涯将会在大约20岁的时候结束,但商业戏班的演员可以在其中度过一生。 因此,私人戏班里的演员多为青少年,旨在要他们的在舞台上绽放最好的年华。但是在一个商业戏班的人会计划他们的职业生涯,将完美的艺术作为终身职业,因为他们有更多的时间。一个演员在一个商业团体可能有更好的机会,发展自己的表演能力,学习各种各样的技能,挖掘更深的潜能。

举个例子,在三个角色领域取得成功的名演员傅瑜:

老演员傅瑜年轻时容貌昳丽,享有盛誉。在他20岁时,他擅长“花旦”;30岁时,专门扮演“小生”;40后就专门扮演“老生”了。(意译自潘之恒《鸾啸小品》)

傅瑜没有退出舞台,当他容貌逝去的时候,戏班鼓励他发展到其他领域。“他看起来自尊,嗓音条件也很好,他仍然保持他的黄金时期,永不失败”。

知名的演员张三是一名私人戏班的演员,她扮演小旦和旦角十分成功,然而从艺术的角度来看,小旦和旦角彼此密切相关,但是旦、小生、老生三个角色截然不同。

周铁德,也是另一个商业戏班的演员,他扮演净和老生的角色。(意译自颜元《习斋记余》)

  1. 竞争

经常出现“对台戏”这样的表演,组织者会邀请两个或更多的戏班在同一地点出演相同的戏剧。演戏的戏班成功与失败将由观众决定,通过观众“投票”来评价某个戏班表现,而不是看它的对手评价。这种形式吸引了最多的观众来观看演出。

在枫泾镇的传统庙会上,经常有几个商业戏班被邀请去演出,对台戏是十分常见的事,通常戏班们会有几种安排:即两个戏班联合表演(二联台),或三个联合表演(三联台),或三个戏班形成三角形状进行表演(拼子台),或两个戏班面对面表演(对台)。戏班的表演必须具有足够的竞争力才能在这样的境遇生存下去。。一个当时的账房先生描述南京的一场对台戏:

兴化团和华林团是有名的两个戏班。有一天,安徽商盟的商人们聘请了两个戏班来表演。金陵所有地位的人也被邀请了。男女老少都聚集观看演出。兴华团被安排在东面,华林剧团西面。两个戏班都演出《凤还巢》,在剧情过半的时候,观众还都赞美两队。然而当剧情演到巡抚赈灾时,西边的李演员的演绎明显比东边的马演员的演绎生动。坐着的观众开始转向西方。他们向西边欢呼、其中一些人向西移动座位、完全忽略了东面。那么在东台的表现不能继续下去,因此马演员使戏班蒙羞。

在那之后,马演员去了北平做了三年门房,从生活中学习和积累后,马回到南京,赢得了对李的下一次对台戏。

并不是所有的对手表现都是完全胜利的,绝对打败对方的。在1619年的夏天的一天,明代的著名文人茅元仪请了陈尔和郝克诚的两家商业戏班去他的私宅演出。陈尔和郝克诚都是在各自的作品中扮演着主角,不可避免的会产生竞争。结果两者都非常成功,尽管烈日炎炎,没有一个观众离开,“就好像演出使他们感到凉爽一样。”

仅由事实表明竞争可以相互促进,观众给了他们很多感想,可能意味着他们会更加精进,不能用完全的胜利和失败去评价这种竞争。

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