4.4结果与谈论 研究问题4
有四个主要问题的研究将要继续,他们的第二组讨论后准备好了之后,每个成员还有一个半结构访谈。每个成员都表示,他们全部的讨论与交流中,分析一下其中的差异,存在有时间和没时间访谈的情况。当被问到他们是否喜欢听领导的演讲或听他们自己的,她是唯一一个选择听领导人的演讲的人,她说:“我只想说明一件事,其中最重要的部分是我想成为组长,在团队中我可能做更多的决定比起其他成员”(贝蒂,转录,2012)。她并没有解释为什么她认为领导者会做的更好的总结,研究者发现在回答这个问题时,也是她犹豫之时。她毫不犹豫的反应就意味着有一个根深蒂固的思想领袖的职责在行驶,领导者应为整个集团站立着。但是其他成员的野心夜会因此而增加。
其中部分问题:“在你小组合作期间,最终呈现最大贡献是谁?为什么“(贝蒂,转录,2012)。所有成员都选择了同一个人----领导小组组长,爱丽丝在他们的小组。研究人员发现了一种模式,在第四个问题的答案,他们的领队需要组织各成员不同的想法在他们的小组,同时她带领他们比较团队般的最后陈述,时间处理和成员之间呈现一种关联的过程。然而,其他成员承认爱丽丝曾近告诉研究人员说自己他们的合作学习中领导了很多工作。爱丽丝不仅是领导者,也是时间的掌控者,一直在组织他们的讨论。如果在一个小组里,四名成员都合作完成本应一个小组长完成的事,将避免工作组之间的协作能力的降低。从另一个角度看,其他成员认为,领导者需要做的这些工作,而不是他们,因为领导者应该领导一切的合作学习。在涉及到成员自身的描述上组组长的角色,其实是暗示,在某些情况下组成员已经建立了组长的刻板印象,仿佛和传统的老师在课堂上的作用一样。同时,领导小组组长接受了义务当指导者(开放的讨论,询问意见,响应,总结和关闭的讨论),并影响对其他成员的自主学习,尤其是他们的元认知自我的负面影响调控和监管工作。
这项研究的结果表明,大学生合作学习小组中组长对于成员的自主调节学习的影响,对他们的自主学习进行被动(元认知自律和努力调节)。
基于定量数据分析和研究收集了在附录A和C的定性数据,研究人员曾讨论成员的不同角色之前自我调节学习和运用合作学习的角色之后,发现有一个显著影响其他成员的具体行为,在有关合作工作的过程中,自己自主学习的方式发挥了领导小组组长在全体组员中的作用。元认知自我调节维度评估,规划,监测在学生提供10个项目的监管程序里。样本项目是:“我问自己一个问题,以确保我明白在这个类,我一直在研究正确的方向。”教育研究者已变得聪明并且学业成功,重要组成原因是感兴趣的元认知。作为齐默尔曼(2000)得出的结论,自主学习是思想,感觉和制作,以达到学术目标的行动集合。因此,尽管同组组长合作群体中学习,有必要把重点放在每个成员的自我调节学习呈现中。
然而,这项研究所关注的23个大学生,英语当然这是一个可选的方式。它一直在最终调查结果中影响组长对成员的自主学习,影响了精确的结果,如参加人数,课程的特点,也是每个成员的个性诸多限制。为了尽量减少这些产品的负面影响,研究人员已经做了进一步的详细的解释。首先,研究人员制作一个表格包含每个人的平均成绩,个性和原始班级。这些准备是用来来证明领导者是否通常是那个拥有最高等级的和重要的职务的“超级老大”。在这项研究中,爱丽丝并没有得到最高等级。她在五个成员一组中拥有最活跃,最随和的个性。因为他们在英语口语班,采取积极参与合作学习的领导者的性格影响了成员的选择组组长。其次,这三种不同类型的数据均来自两个角色,领导小组组长,并在工作组的其他四名成员进行分析。有很多来自他们的身体行为和他们的话语分析以及具体的数字馆藏这两个角色之间的比较。因此,研究人员曾表示,根据两个相反的反应,扬声器,激情与宁静在他们的小组讨论中的领导者有明显的表现。
然后,通过比较领先的准确的数字,使命令的其他成员,研究人员做领导的和其他成员的不同表现更加明显,以确认对演出的领导者和其他成员之间确实存在的元认知自我调节和精力监管条款。第三,改编显示有关合作学习和小组组长每个成员的想法的直接反应。在他们的答案,研究人员计算出的组长其他成员的印象相同的模式,以保证平时的工作领导小组组长做了什么。
总之,这项研究表明,领导小组组长,还有其他成员可以有完全相反的表现和态度参与小组工作。作为领导者是要比别人更积极,所以展示自己的命令和想法的机会并不均衡。截至去年,集团领导作用可以从他们的参与度的百分与其他成员相比,在小组讨论中提出自己的想法的可能带有负面影响。合作学习的优势,应该内部之间的关系进行分析,以准确地阐明个人在小组中的影响。
5、结论
本文的研究目的在于探究大学生合作学习小组中组长对于成员的自主调节学习的影响,针对于元认知自主调节和努力调节两个方面进行定量和定性的测试。由于合作学习小组在1980年的活跃得使用已成为教育学的常用形式,并在现在依旧是非常有价值的方式(约翰逊,约翰逊和史密斯,2007年),因为它对于学生和教师都很有帮助。然而,在长期非常正式和结构化的教学模式下,合作学习被批评为教师的高强度控制,低自主学习(Panitz,1997)。老师通过控制设置组的目标,分配角色,并提供一切必要的工作以便能够让学生们完成(科利斯,2005年),确实,这是一个好的领导者类似的职务(开放的讨论,询问意见,应诉材料,总结,并关闭讨论)在合作学习小组中(霍曼和范德普尔,1999)。结果显示在元认知自我调节和小组成员的努力调节下在合作学习组组长表现较低的性能。换句话说,分析定量数据显示,在小组成员的元认知自我调节和努力调节下,不同的组长,对自主学习存在一个显著的差异。此外,通过课堂观察笔记和半面试组成的定性数据证明该组成员在组内工作合作的过程中,有更多的消极表现,甚于小组组长。由于自己的角度对组组长的角色受访者陈述,研究者发现,在第四个问题他们的回答是,组长需要在他们的小组组织各成员不同的想法,同时经过过程模式总结他们合作的最后陈述,时间上的管理和成员之间的表现呈现的一系列关联。
然而,这项研究所关注的23个大学生,英语当然这是一个可选的方式。它一直在最终调查结果这将影响组长对成员的自主学习,影响了精确的结果,如参加人数,课程的特点,也是每个成员的个性诸多限制。为了尽量减少这些产品的负面影响,研究人员已经做了进一步的详细的解释。首先,研究人员制作一个表格包含每个人的平均成绩,个性和原始班级。这些准备是用来来证明领导者是否通常是那个拥有最高等级的和重要的职务的“超级老大”。在这项研究中,爱丽丝并没有得到最高等级。
在本研究中,支持通过问卷调查的数据分析组组长对其他成员的元认知自我调节和监管工作作为自律在合作学习小组的两个主要方面的负面影响和面试,以及观察笔记显示组组长已经显示。然而,未来的研究应该尝试在主动监测和许多不同的学习过程监管,如调查自主学习的更完整尺寸方位走向,学习目标的设置,;用来实现目标的策略;资源的管理;努力发挥;反应外部反馈;多次重塑(尼科尔和迪克,2006)。
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The Effects of Group Leader on College Studentsrsquo; Self-regulated Learning in a Small Cooperative Learning Group
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my appreciation to a number of people for their invaluable assistance in preparation and development of this thesis.
I am honored to express my deepest gratitude to my dedicated mentor, Prof. Liu Qixuan, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She had offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly appreciated. Besides, she always put high priority on our dissertation writing and was willing to discussion with me anytime available.
Thanks were also due to my classmates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions.
The Effects of Group Leader on College Studentsrsquo; Self-regulated Learning in a Small Cooperative Learning Group
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of group leader on college studentsrsquo; self-regulated learning (metacongnitive self-regulation and effort regulation) in a small cooperative group. The researcher collected and analyzed two perspectives of data, the quantitative data by a questionnaire derived from the original version of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire and the qualitative data by semi-interviews and classroom observation notes. 23 universities students (23 girls) participated in this research. A paired-sample experimental design was utilized. 23 students were asked to finish course work through cooperating in five small cooperative groups before the midterm exam week and in the left courses students kept cooperative work with the same group in which had a self-selected group leader. The research has indicated that college students performed passively on their self-regulated learning (metacognitve self-regulation and effort regulation) under the effects of group leader in the cooperative learning group.
Keywords: cooperative learning; group leader; self-regulation; metacognitive self-regulation; effort regulation; college students
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature review 3
2.1 Cooperative learning 3
2.1.1 The importance of cooperative learning 3
2.1.2 Complex elements of cooperative learning 4
2.1.3 Group leader 5
2.2 Self-regulated Learning 6
2.2.1 Metacognitive self-regulation 6
2.2.2 Effort regulation 6
3. Research design 8
3.1 Research Questions 8
3.2 Design 8
3.3 Participants 8
3.4 Research instruments 9
3.4.1 The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire 9
3.4.2 Semi-interviews and classroom observation notes 9
3.5 Data analysis 10
3.6 Procedure 10
4. Results and Discussion 12
4.1 Results and discussion of Research question 1 12
4.2 Results and discussion of Research question 2 13
4.3 Results and discussion of Research question 3 14
4.4 Results and discussion of Research question 4 15
5. Conclusion 18
Introduction
Cooperative learning (CL) is group learning activity in which learners depend on each other to exchange information and to be accountable for his or her own learning and also be motivated to increase the learning of others(Olsenamp;Kagan,1992). Johnson and Johnson (1989) had made a meta-analysis of 352 of studies which comparing competitive or individualistic learning with CL (Slavin,1990) and found that students got higher achievement in CL. In addition, hundreds of studies have reached the general consensus is that CL can and usually does result in positive student outcomes in all domains ((Johnson amp; Johnson, 1999). To be specific, in language classes, Bejarano(1987) stated CL was better than whole class instruction for developing integrative and discrete language skill. Because of its flexibility and general benefits, it follows that cooperative learning groups in EFL classes would be used as a logical teaching method.
Although, there are many positive CL methods existing in these decades, one study found that most teachers who use these methods have been self-taught (Sparapani, Abel, Easton, Edwards, amp; Herbster,1997) and that teachers are likely to use a combination of methods. To be more productive in EFL classes, when “Work in groups. Discusshellip;” or “With your partner, exchangehellip;” appears on most recent EFL textbooks, teachers are used to making group work among students. Additionally, roles of students are usually distinguished with group leader and other members. Homan and Poel (1999) stated several key reasons of why groupwork is often less effective than it could be and one of them is lack of clearly defined roles for the group members. When highly formal and structured, CL has been criticized for high teacher control and low learner autonomy(Panitz,1997) in which a teacher exercises control over groups by setting group goals, distributing the roles, and supplying all the material necessary to complete the work (Corliss, 2005),Obviously, low student autonomy causes less opportunity for self-regulated learning in CL(GUuml;VENCcedil;*,2010). However, Homan and Poel (1999) expressed that being a good group leader need to open a discussion, ask for an opinion, respond, summarize and closing a discussion. It indicates that a group leader can be a simi-teacher in the group processes. There comes a doubt what role a group leader can play in affecting other group membersrsquo; self-regulated learning in CL group. It is similar to the teacher-control effects which cause less opportunity for self
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