风险投资声誉,上市后绩效和公司治理外文翻译资料

 2023-01-06 11:01

风险投资声誉,上市后绩效和公司治理

原文作者: C. N. V. Krishnan, Vladimir I. Ivanov, Ronald W. Masulis, and Ajai K. Singh*

摘要:我们研究了风险投资(VC)公司的声誉与投资组合公司首次公开发行(IPO)长期业绩之间的关系。 我们发现,以VC支持的IPO的过去市场份额来衡量,VC补偿作为具有长期公司业绩指标的协会具有显着的积极意义。 尽管更有信誉的风险投资公司最初选择质量更好的公司,但即使在控制了风险投资的选择性之后,更多有信誉的风险投资公司仍然与卓越的长期业绩相关联。 我们发现更多的可复制风险投资者在其投资组合公司的公司治理中表现出更积极的上市后参与,而这种持续的风险投资积极的影响着上市后公司的业绩。

关键词:风险投资(VC); IPO; 绩效;公司治理

一家公司的声誉可以为潜在客户在做购买决定时提供有价值的信息,同时为更有信誉的公司提供重要的竞争优势(例如参见Kreps和Wilson(1982),Shapiro(1983))。 先前的研究发现,声誉是一项宝贵的资产,这导致研究人员开发了一些理论。对于那些面对大量竞争对手的专业金融中介来说,信誉显得尤为重要。 为了进一步理解信誉是如何建立的,我们研究了风险投资(VC)公司的声誉,这些在高度分散的行业中运作的专业金融中介在工作日志中阐明声誉不仅对风险投资公司和投资者特别有价值,而且那些潜在的投资组合公司为了其生存和发展也严重依赖风险投资咨询服务。

我们的主要目标是研究风险投资信誉在解释风险投资公司上市的长期表现中的作用。 这些公司的首次公开募股(IPO)表现对IPO投资者,持有超过通常180天锁定期的股票(Field和Hanka(2001)),寻求风险投资基金的风险投资者以及 对于风险投资者而言,当他们的资金最终退出投资组合公司时,他们经常会获得IPO股票。

我们的VC声誉衡量标准是基于风险投资者过去完成的风险投资支持的IPO的市场份额,我们称之为IPO市场份额。这一指标与Megginson和Weiss(1991)的承销商声誉衡量标准相似,并且体现了VC相对于其他VCs的IPO成功率。这一衡量标准也与Nahata(2008)使用的累积性IPO市场份额衡量标准有关,表明这一指标与VC支持的上市公司的可能性正相关。然而,与Nahata的措施不同的是,IPO市场份额基于IPO前3年的移动窗口,这使得我们的衡量指标保持最新并避免了对年轻的风险投资公司的强烈偏见,这是累积性IPO市场份额测度中固有的不会根据VC的活跃生活长度进行调整。更重要的是,Nahata关注包括IPO在内的风险投资退出,同时我们关注IPO后发行人的表现及其原因。由于较年轻的风险投资家可能有强烈的激励措施,通过早期公开弱势公司来“看上去”(见Gompers(1996),Lee and Wahal(2004)),不仅要看看VC的声誉与IPO频率如何相关,还有这些公司上市后的表现如何。

对于拥有1个以上风险投资者的首次公开发行人,我们关注风险投资的主要代表措施,并遵循Lin和Smith(1998)以及Hochberg,Ljungqvist和Lu(2007)的定义,“风险投资”风险投资的风险投资规模最大 在IPO日期的投资组合公司。 我们发现,与非铅企业相比,领先的风投企业更倾向于在首次公开招股时持有发行人股票和董事会席位,并继续在首次公开招股后持有。 因此,关注主要风险投资公司可以使我们得到这些有影响力的风险投资集团成员向投资组合公司提供的更多指导和支持。

我们使用4个著名的绩效标准,研究了我们的创业投资声誉衡量与投资组合公司长期业绩衡量标准之间的关联:i)行业调整的资产回报率(ROA),ii)市场对账面 (见Moeller,Schlingemann和Stulz(2004),Gompers,Ishii和Metrick(2003)以及Field和Karpoff(2002)))。 所有的执行措施都是基于上市后3年的时间。 我们的创业投资声誉衡量标准基于首次公开招股年初提供的数据,以减少对创业投资声誉与发行人上市后业绩之间的反向因果关系的担忧。

我们发现,在控制了与未来发行人表现相关的可观察IPO特征后,我们的主要VC声誉衡量指标始终与所有4项首次公开招股后长期表现指标呈显着正相关。 然而,受到更有信誉的风险投资家支持的公司优异的长期业绩可归功于卓越的风险投资选择性或优于投资组合公司的上市后培育。 与S0rensen(2007)的证据一致,我们发现更多有信誉的风险投资者选择质量更好的投资组合公司。 然而,即使控制了VC的选择性,我们发现更多可重复使用的风险资本与我们的长期业绩指标有显着的正相关。 因此,我们得出结论:除了最初选择质量更好的投资组合公司以外,更多有信誉的风险投资公司向其投资组合公司提供更有价值的咨询和监督服务。

我们还比较了现有文献中提到的其他风险投资信誉度量与4种发行人长期业绩度量的关联。 Gompers(1996)提出将VC公司的年龄作为VC的信誉度量,Lee和Wahal(2004)使用VC公司的年龄和风险投资先前支持的IPO公司的数量,Gompers和Lerner(1999)使用管理资本。 Nahata(2008)表明,累积性首次公开发行市场份额的措施与他认为的措施中未来首次公开发行的关联性最好。我们表明,IPO市场份额是唯一的声誉衡量指标,它始终如一地显示我们研究的所有4种标准发行人长期业绩表现显着的正相关性。此外,我们的首次公开发行市场份额声誉衡量与长期绩效的四项较少常规衡量指标有显着正相关;具体而言,后续收购的可能性,预期收购溢价以及长期公司增长的两个前瞻性代理。另一个VC声誉衡量标准再次与这些替代长期绩效衡量标准并不总是有显著关联。

为了研究创业投资信誉与投资组合公司治理咨询和监督服务的关系,我们考察了创投投资信誉是否与更强大的公司治理以及风险投资在上市后期的参与程度相关联,以及这是否会导致投资组合公司表现良好。 这一调查拓展了之前的研究,发现一些风险投资家倾向于持有他们在投资组合中的股权,远远超过IPO锁定期(通常持续180天)(Gompers and Lerner(1998),Field and Hanka(2001) )),而且一些风险投资公司更可能与更多独立董事会和非首席执行官(CEO)董事会主席(Baker and Gompers(2003))相关联。 我们通过调整内生性以及通过声誉探索风险投资公司的上市后治理活动来推进早期的Baker和Gompers关于VC声誉效应的证据,并且我们发现了有趣的新结果,这些结果将在稍后描述。

我们首先确定,更多有信誉的风险投资家在其投资组合公司中持有股票和董事席位的比例要高得多,不仅在IPO日期,而且在此后的头三年。更有信誉的风险投资公司也与拥有更好公司治理结构的投资组合公司相关,其中包括双重CEO-COB(董事长)和CEO创始人的案例更少,这两者都削弱了对首席执行官的董事会纪律。然而,在控制了VC的选择性之后,我们发现受到更有信誉的风险投资家支持的公司更有可能在上市后3年内继续从风险投资持股和董事会中受益,而其他内部公司治理机制没有显着差异来自信誉不佳的风险投资公司支持的公司。我们还在同一个3年期间建立了上市后风险投资持股与董事会和上级发行人业绩之间的联系。在控制了风险投资公司上市后股权和董事职位的完整性之后,我们发现证据表明,更多声誉良好的风险投资家在其投资组合公司进行上市后的参与与长期表现出色相关。

我们首先确定,更多有信誉的风险投资家在其投资组合公司中持有股票和董事席位的比例要高得多,不仅在IPO日期,而且在此后的头三年。更有信誉的风险投资公司也与拥有更好公司治理结构的投资组合公司相关,其中包括双重CEO-COB(董事长)和CEO创始人的案例更少,这两者都削弱了对首席执行官的董事会纪律。然而,在控制了VC的选择性之后,我们发现受到更有信誉的风险投资家支持的公司更有可能在上市后3年内继续从风险投资持股和董事会中受益,而其他内部公司治理机制没有显着差异来自信誉不佳的风险投资公司支持的公司。我们还在同一个3年期间建立了上市后风险投资持股与董事会和上级发行人业绩之间的联系。在控制了风险投资公司上市后股权和董事职位的完整性之后,我们发现证据表明,更多声誉良好的风险投资家在其投资组合公司进行上市后的参与与长期表现出色相关。

Nahata(2008)的证据与我们的结果是互补的,我们都发现基于过去IPO市场份额的VC声誉度量与其投资组合公司的IPO前后绩效密切相关。这种声誉衡量如此稳健(与现存文献中的替代声誉测量相比)的原因在于,首次公开发行一般是最有利可图的公开可见的风险投资结果,因此它是风险投资成功的特别相关衡量标准。事实上,Brau,Francis和Kohers(2003)报告称,IPO收购(贸易出售)退出时的估值溢价为22%,而Cumming和Macintosh(2003)报告称,在部分退出时,平均年收益率风险投资在IPO中占84%,在收购中仅占20%。 Megginson和Weiss(1991)观察到Kleiner Perkins在其样本期间(1983-1987)有10个不同的IPO进入市场,因此在市场上具有很高的知名度.4重复的IPO成功可以为VC提供更好的获取吸引力投资机会和谈判更慷慨的投资条款的能力,正如Hsu(2004)所记录的那样。我们表明,即使在允许有更多机会选择性投资的情况下,更多有信誉的风险投资公司也会在其投资组合公司中继续参与上市后的投资,这与公司卓越绩效相关。反过来,上市后的优秀表现吸引了投资者对由这些风险投资家支持的未来IPO进行投资,增加了他们支持未来IPO成功的可能性。这一业绩记录还吸引了一些有前途项目的企业家,为更有信誉的风险投资家提供帮助,使他们更具选择性。最后,更有信誉的风险投资公司成功上市的记录有助于更频繁和更大规模地筹集未来资金。因此,过去的成功有助于促进这些有才能和经验丰富的风险投资公司的未来成功。

外文文献出处:金融和数量分析杂志卷。46,No. 5(2011年10月),第1295-1333页

出版:剑桥大学出版社,代表华盛顿大学工商管理

文献原文:

Venture Capital Reputation, Post-IPO Performance, and Corporate Governance

C. N. V. Krishnan, Vladimir I. Ivanov, Ronald W. Masulis, and Ajai K. Singh*

Abstract

We examine the association of a venture capital (VC) firms reputation with the post-initial public offering (IPO) long-run performance of its portfolio firms. We find that VC repu tation, measured by the past market share of VC-backed IPOs, has significant positive as sociations with long-run firm performance measures. While more reputable VCs initially select better-quality firms, more reputable VCs continue to be associated with superior long-run performance, even after controlling for VC selectivity. We find that more rep utable VCs exhibit more active post-IPO involvement in the corporate governance of their portfolio firms, and this continued VC involvement positively influences post-IPO firm performance.

I. Introduction

A firms reputation gives potential customers valuable information when making their purchase decisions, while offering important competitive advantages to more reputable firms (see, e.g., Kreps and Wilson (1982), Shapiro (1983)). Prior research finds strong empirical evidence that reputation is a valuable asset, and this has led researchers to develop a number of theoretical models of reputation in the financial services industry.1 For specialized financial interme diaries that face a large number of com

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文献原文:

Venture Capital Reputation, Post-IPO Performance, and Corporate Governance

C. N. V. Krishnan, Vladimir I. Ivanov, Ronald W. Masulis, and Ajai K. Singh*

Abstract

We examine the association of a venture capital (VC) firms reputation with the post-initial public offering (IPO) long-run performance of its portfolio firms. We find that VC repu tation, measured by the past market share of VC-backed IPOs, has significant positive as sociations with long-run firm performance measures. While more reputable VCs initially select better-quality firms, more reputable VCs continue to be associated with superior long-run performance, even after controlling for VC selectivity. We find that more rep utable VCs exhibit more active post-IPO involvement in the corporate governance of their portfolio firms, and this continued VC involvement positively influences post-IPO firm performance.

I. Introduction

A firms reputation gives potential customers valuable information when making their purchase decisions, while offering important competitive advantages to more reputable firms (see, e.g., Kreps and Wilson (1982), Shapiro (1983)). Prior research finds strong empirical evidence that reputation is a valuable asset, and this has led researchers to develop a number of theoretical models of reputation in the financial services industry.1 For specialized financial interme diaries that face a large number of competitors, reputation can be particularly important. To further our understanding of how reputation is built, we study the reputation of venture capital (VC) firms, which are specialized financial interme diaries operating in a highly fragmented industry,2 where reputation is particularly valuable not only to VCs and their investors but also to potential portfolio firms that rely heavily on VC advisory services and risk capital for their survival and growth. Our primary goal is to examine the role of VC reputation in explaining long run performance of venture-backed firms going public. Post-initial public offering (IPO) performance of these firms is important to IPO investors, to VCs that hold stock beyond the usual 180-day lock-up period (Field and Hanka (2001)), to en trepreneurs seeking VC funding, and to VC investors who frequently receive IPO shares when their funds ultimately exit from their investments in portfolio firms. Our VC reputation measure is based on a venture investors past market share of completed venture-backed IPOs, which we refer to as IPO Market Share. This measure is similar to the Megginson and Weiss (1991) underwriter reputation measure and captures a VCs IPO success rate relative to those of other VCs.3 This measure is also related to a Cumulative IPO Market Share measure used by Nahata (2008), who shows that this measure is positively related to the probabil ity of a VC-backed firm going public. However, unlike Nahata s measure, IPO Market Share is based on a 3-year moving window prior to the IPO, which makes our measure current and avoids the strong bias against younger VC firms that is inherent in the Cumulative IPO Market Share measure that does not adjust for the length of a VCs active life. More importantly, Nahata focuses on VC exits including IPOs, while we focus on post-IPO issuer performance and its causes. Because younger VCs can have strong incentives to 'grandstand' by taking weak firms public too early (see Gompers (1996), Lee and Wahal (2004)), it is impor tant not only to look at how VC reputation correlates with IPO frequency, but also to how well these firms perform after going public. For IPO issuers with more than 1 VC investor, we focus on the lead VCs rep utation measure, and following Lin and Smith (1998) and Hochberg, Ljungqvist, and Lu (2007) define a 'lead' VC as having the largest venture investment in the portfolio firm as of the IPO date. We show that compared to nonleads, lead VCs are more apt to hold issuer shares and board seats at the IPO, and continue to hold them in the post-IPO period. Therefore, focusing on lead VCs enables us to cap ture the greater guidance and support that these influential VC syndicate members provide to portfolio firms. We examine the associations of our VC reputation measure with portfolio company long-run performance measures after going public, using 4 well-known performance standards: i) industry-adjusted rate of return on assets (ROA), ii) market-to-book ratio, iii) long-run exchange listing survival, and iv) long run abnormal stock returns (see, e.g., Moeller, Schlingemann, and Stulz (2004), Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003), and Field and Karpoff (2002)). All the per formance measures are based on the 3-year post-IPO period. Our VC reputation measure is based on data available at the start of the IPO year to reduce concerns about reverse causality between VC reputation and issuer post-IPO performance. We find that our lead VC reputation measure consistently has a significant positive relation with all 4 post-IPO long-run performance metrics, after con trolling for observable IPO characteristics that can be related to future issuer performance. However, superior long-run performance of firms backed by more reputable VCs can be attributable to superior venture investment selectivity or to superior post-IPO nurturing of portfolio firms. Consistent with the evidence in S0rensen (2007), we find that more reputable VCs select better-quality portfolio firms. However, even after controlling for VC selectivity, we find that more rep utable VCs have a significant positive association with our long-run performance measures. Thus, we conclude that more reputable VCs provide more valuable advisory and monitoring services to their portfolio firms, in addition to initially selecting better-quality portfolio firms to invest in. We also compare the associations of alternative VC reputation measures sug gested in the existing literature with our 4 issuer long-run performance meas

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