本科毕业设计（论文）
外文翻译
公路建设是否缩小了城乡收入差距？来自中国城市的证据
出处：《区域科学论文》
中文译文：
三、实证策略
（一）数据
本文的主要数据来源是：一是Wind数据库和Easy Professional Superior数据库，用于记录年度社会经济数据，包括城市的人口，工资，价格，进出口，公路里程，土地行政区域等；二是2003年至2016年各省市统计年鉴和《中国城市统计年鉴》。第三，2003年至2016年各城市国民经济和社会发展统计公报（http://www.tjcn.org/）。
我们选择2003年至2016年的相关数据，其原因如下：首先，根据相关数据，自2003年以来，中国的公路建设速度进一步加快。其次，从2003年开始，无论是人口流动还是货物流动，这一过程都在加速，公路建设促进了人员和货物流动，进而在影响城乡收入差距方面的作用日益重要。
1.变量
关键变量
城乡收入差距：王和欧阳（2007）发现，泰尔指数可以很好地衡量收入差距。因此，我们选择泰尔指数来描述收入差距。泰尔指数的计算如下：
其中Y和P分别代表居民的总收入和总人口。下标t的值为1和2，分别代表城市和乡村；n表示其所在的年份，c表示各个级别的城市。由于缺乏对地级市城乡人口数据的统计，王和欧阳（2007）的方法用非农业和农业人口代替，然后乘以城市居民的可支配收入。非农业人口乘以城市居民的可支配收入，即可得出城市的总收入；农业人口乘以农村居民的人均纯收入，即可得到农村的总收入。城乡居民消费价格指数将每年城乡居民可支配收入减少到2003年基期。
图1描绘了2003-2016年中国城乡收入差距中的内核密度动态变化。收入差距的分布显示出明显的右偏。一些城市的收入差距远大于其他城市，反映出收入差距的明显地区差异。此外，收入差距的总体分布随时间向左移动，表明中国整体城市的收入差距正在缩小。
公路建设：参考刘，张和方（2015），我们使用中国地级市的公路里程数与地级市行政区域的公路里程之比来衡量公路建设。
图2描绘了2003年至2016年中国各城市公路建设中内核密度的动态演变。公路建设的分布呈现出明显的右偏趋势。一些城市的公路建设远低于其他城市，这表明中国公路建设存在明显的区域差异。此外，公路建设的分布随时间向右移动，表明中国整体城市的交通状况正在不断改善。
图1中国城市城乡收入差距中内核密度的动态演变
图2公路建设中籽粒密度的动态演变
资源流：资源流主要包括两个层次：1）迁移，即地级市旅客周转量与全国旅客周转量之比；2）货运量，以人均货运周转率表示。
其他控制变量
经济状况：收入差距与经济状况密切相关。在统计经济发展过程中收入分配的变化中，库兹涅茨发现，一个国家在经济发展过程中的收入差距以倒U型为特征，即先上升后下降。我们通过每个城市的ln（人均国内生产总值[GDP]）来描述区域经济状况。
干预：中国地方政府在经济生活中一直发挥着重要作用。它不仅是收入再分配的主体，而且直接影响初始分配。研究表明，地方财政支出占国内生产总值的比例越高，城市地区从地方政府支出中获得的收益就越多，收入差距也越大。我们使用政府财政支出占GDP的比例来衡量政府干预的程度。
金融：在当前的发展环境中，金融资源更倾向于城市，从而增加了收入差距。参照罗和彭（2016），对金融发展水平的描述的特征是年底前地级市/地级市GDP中金融机构的贷款余额。
资产：由于固定资产投资还可以在促进经济增长的同时为农村剩余劳动力创造就业机会，因此可以提高农民工的收入水平。因此，固定资产投资水平的提高也将影响收入差距。因此，固定资产投资/GDP用于表征该地区固定资产投资的水平。
开放：一方面，一个区域的开放程度越高，引进和吸收先进技术并通过增加全要素生产率影响收入差距就越有利。另一方面，开放程度的扩大将促进劳动力流动，从而影响收入差距。参照刘，张和方（2015）的实践，另一方的开放程度表示为进出口总额/地区GDP。
房价：研究发现，当城乡市场的开放度较低时，城市中的高房价会促进收入差距的扩大。当城市和农村市场更加开放时，房价对收入差距的影响会缩小（安和刘，2014）。因此，房价上涨将影响收入差距。有鉴于此，我们将房价定义为ln（城市商品房的年销售量/商品房的年销售面积）。
产业结构：随着经济的发展，产业结构从第二产业向第三产业转变，导致产业结构升级，这也将导致经济效率和城乡就业状况的变化，进而产生对城乡收入差距的一定影响（王，郭丰和姚，2015年）。我们通过第三产业产值与第二产业产值之比来衡量产业结构。
教育：一般而言，农村居民的教育水平低于城市居民，这导致农村居民的公共教育支出的边际产出较高（刘，张和方，2015年）。分配公共教育的平均支出可以帮助缩小城乡收入差距。我们将教育程度表示为人均公共教育支出。
2.数据描述
表1和表2显示了上述变量的描述统计量以及变量之间的相关系数。为了更直观地观察高速公路建设与收入差距之间的关系，图3显示了它们的二维散点图。显然，拟合曲线的斜率是负的，这表明公路建设缩小了收入差距。两者之间更精确的关系有待进一步研究。
表1.变量的描述性统计
|
变量 |
符号 |
观测 |
均值 |
标准差 |
最小值 |
最大值 |
|
公路建设 |
HC |
3892 |
0.8728 |
0.5003 |
0.004 |
2.4382 |
|
物流 |
WL |
3892 |
7.5108 |
1.1335 |
2.0648 |
11.6018 |
|
移民 |
RL |
3892 |
0.0036 |
0.0043 |
0.00003 |
0.0802 |
|
收入差距 |
THEIL |
3892 |
0.3875 |
0.3311 |
0 |
2.1706 |
|
经济状况 |
PG |
3892 |
10.0807 |
0.9075 |
0.8810 |
13.1273 |
|
经济地位 |
SPG |
3892 |
102.4434 |
17.2149 |
0.7761 |
172.326 |
|
政府干涉 |
FIS |
3892 |
0.1818 |
0.5360 |
0.0170 |
9.5639 |
|
金融 |
LOA |
3892 |
0.7907 |
0.4873 |
0.0001 |
6.8219 |
|
资产 |
ASS |
3892 |
0.6623 |
0.5679 |
0.1032 |
9.5342 |
|
开放程度 |
JCK |
3892 |
0.1831 |
0.3503 |
0.0018 |
4.6178 |
|
房价 |
HP |
3892<!-- 剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 Has highway construction narrowed the urban–rural income gap? Evidence from Chinese cities ZhenxiongHuang Hangtian Xu Jianming Li Nengsheng Luo 3 EMPIRICAL STRATEGY 3.1 Data The main sources of data in this paper are: Wind database and Easy Professional Superior database, which record the annual social economic data including population, wage, price, import and export, highway mileage, land administrative area and so on at the city level; second, the statistical yearbooks of various provinces and cities from 2003 to 2016 and the China Urban Statistical Yearbook; third, the statistics of national economic and social development of various cities from 2003 to 2016 Bulletins (http://www.tjcn.org/). We have selected the relevant data from 2003 to 2016 for the following reasons: first, according to relevant data, since 2003, Chinas highway construction speed has further accelerated; second, since 2003, whether it is population movement or cargo flow, the process has accelerated, and the role of highway construction in promoting the flow of people and goods and thus affecting the income gap between urban and rural areas is playing an increasingly important role. 3.1.1 Variable Key variables Urban–rural Income Gap: Wang and Ouyang (2007) found that the Theil index can measure the income gap well. Therefore, we select the Theil index to describe the income gap. The Theil index is calculated as follows: where Y and P respectively represent the total income of the residents and the total population. The subscript t has a value of 1 and 2, representing the city and the countryside, respectively; n indicates the year in which it is located, and c indicates the city at each level. Due to the lack of corresponding statistics on the urban and rural population data of prefecture‐level cities, Wang and Ouyangs (2007) method is replaced with the non‐agricultural and agricultural population, and each is multiplied by the disposable income of urban residents. Non‐agricultural population multiplied by the disposable income of urban residents to get the total income of the city and the agricultural population multiplied by the per capita net income of rural residents to get the total rural income. The disposable income of urban and rural residents in each year was reduced to the base period of 2003 by the urban and rural consumer price index. Figure 1 depicts the dynamic evolution of kernel density in the urban–rural income disparities across China in 2003–2016. The distribution of the income gap shows a clear right deviation. The income gap of some cities is much larger than that of other cities, reflecting the obvious regional differences in income gaps. In addition, the overall distribution of the income gap shifts to the left with time, indicating that the income gap of Chinas overall cities is shrinking.
Figure 1Dynamic evolution of kernel density in urban–rural income gap across Chinese cities Highway construction: referring to Liu, Zhang and Fang (2015), we use the ratio of highway mileage in prefecture‐level cities in China to the administrative area of prefecture‐level cities as a measure of highway construction. Figure 2 depicts the dynamic evolution of kernel density in highway construction in various cities in China from 2003 to 2016. The distribution of highway construction shows a clear right‐bias trend. The highway construction of a few cities is much lower than other cities, which shows that there are obvious regional differences in highway construction in China. In addition, the distribution of highway construction shifts to the right with time, indicating that the traffic conditions of Chinas overall cities are constantly improving.
Figure 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Dynamic evolution of kernel density in highway construction Resource Flow: Resource flow mainly includes two levels: 1) migration, that is, the ratio of prefecture‐level city passenger turnover to national passenger turnover; and 2) cargo flow, which is represented by capita freight turnover. Other control variables Economic Status: The income gap is closely related to economic status. In the change of income distribution during the development of a statistical economy, Kuznets found that the income gap of a country in the process of economic development is characterized by the inverted U‐shaped phenomenon, that is, it first rises, and then decreases. We describe the regional economic status by the ln (per capita gross domestic product [GDP]) of each city. Intervention: Chinese local governments have always played an important role in economic life. It is not only the main body of income redistribution, but also directly affects the initial distribution. Studies have shown that the higher the proportions of local fiscal expenditures to GDP, the more benefits urban areas receive from local government expenditures and the greater the income gap. We measure the degree of government intervention by using the proportion of government fiscal expenditure to GDP. Financial: In the current development environment, financial resources are more inclined toward the city, thus increasing the income gap. Referring to Luo and Peng (2016), the description of the level of financial development is characterized by the loan balance of the financial institutions at the end of the year in the prefecture‐level city/premium‐level city GDP. Asset: Since a fixed asset investment can also create employment opportunit 剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料 资料编号：[268394]，资料为PDF文档或Word文档，PDF文档可免费转换为Word |
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