LGBT大学生社会交往困境及解决方案外文翻译资料

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LGBT大学生社会交往困境及解决方案

1. How Depressed and Suicidal Sexual Minority Adolescents Understand the Causes of Their Distress

This study examined how lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adoles-cents reporting clinically significant depressive and suicidal symptoms understand the causes of their psychological distress. The role of the quality of the adolescent-parent relationship as a risk or protective factor was explored. Ten qualitative interviews were analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research method. Results showed that adolescents viewed family rejection of sexual orientation, extra-familial LGB related victimization, and non-LGBT related negative family life events as the most common causes of their psychological distress. Most of the adolescents also reported experiencing support from at least one family member, and half reported experiencing significant extra-familial (e.g., peers, school counselor) support. Almost all of the adolescents reported wishing that their relationships with their parents were closer and characterized by more acceptance, as well as a willingness to participate in family therapy to improve their relationships with their parents. Clinical implications are discussed.

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Most researchers agree that there is probably nothing depressogenic or suicidal about same-gender sexual orientation. Instead, it is likely that environmental responses such as discrimination, victimization, and rejection (i.e., minority stress) lead to low self-esteem, depression, hopelessness, and social isolation which, in turn, place LGB adolescents at risk for contemplating suicide.

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There is also evidence that rejection by peers and loss of friends due to sexual orientation is a predictor of suicide attempts (Hershberger et al.,1997), as is youthsrsquo; harboring negative attitudes regarding homosexuality(i.e., internalized homophobia) (Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, amp; Gwadz,2002; Savin-Williams amp; Ream, 2003).

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One prominent risk and protective factor associated with adolescent depression and suicidality is the quality of the adolescent-parent relationship.

A substantial amount of research, including both prospective and crosssectional studies using community and clinical samples, has linked parental criticism, emotional unresponsiveness, lack of care and support, and rejection and control to adolescent depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts (Connor amp; Rueter, 2006; Kerr, Preuss, amp; Kind, 2006; see Wagneret al., 2003, for review). LGB adolescents may be particularly at risk for conflict with parents, parental criticism, and parental rejection due to their sexual minority status and/or atypical gender role behavior (Drsquo;Augelli et al.,2005; Floyd, Stein, Hartin, Allison, amp; Nye, 1999; Hammelman, 1993; Hunter amp; Schaecher, 1987; Savin-Williams, 1989, 1994). While many parents over time become more accepting and affirming of their childrsquo;s minority sexualorientation (Herdt amp; Koff, 2000; Holtzen amp; Agriesti, 1990; Robinson, Walters,

amp; Skeen, 1989; Savin-Williams, 2001), up to 40% initially reject or are intolerant of their adolescentrsquo;s same-sex attraction (Drsquo;Augelli, 2003; Drsquo;Augelli, Hershberger, amp; Pilkington, 1998), despite increasing social acceptance of lesbians, gay males, and bisexual people (Saad, 2010).When parents reject, disengage from, invalidate, or otherwise express discomfort with their adolescentrsquo;s sexual orientation, the message conveyed is that something is wrong with the adolescent (Goldfried amp; Goldfried, 2001). Such a message, delivered from the most important people in the adolescentrsquo;s life, can exacerbate self-loathing, depression, and hopelessness, all correlates of suicide. Furthermore, negative parental responses teach adolescents that they have no one to turn to when they are victimized outside of their home due to their sexual orientation. Not surprisingly, parental psychological abuse and discouragement of childhood gender atypical behavior are associated with suicide attempts among LGB youth (Drsquo;Augelli et al., 2005). In one

study of gay male adolescents, nearly half attributed their suicide attempts to “family problems” (Remafadi, Farrow, amp; Deisher, 1991).

In contrast, when parents accept their youthrsquo;s lesbian, gay, or bisexual orientation as an integral and valued aspect of their child, they validate(Savin-Williams, 1989) and are positioned to support, guide, and advocate

for their child as she or he negotiates the challenges of growing up with a minority sexual orientation. LGB adolescents who report high levels of parental support, good communication, and emotional closeness with their parents evidence fewer depressive symptoms and less suicidal ideation and attempts (Floyd et al., 1999). Furthermore, such parental support has been shown to moderate or buffer against the negative effects of gay-related victimization (Drsquo;Augelli, 2003; Evans, Hawton, amp; Rodham, 2004).

To date, most researchers have used cross-sectional, correlational data derived from closed-ended questionnaires or interviews to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms and suicidality among LGB adolescents.

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