全面项目管理:以客户为主导的组织外文翻译资料

 2022-12-29 01:12

全面项目管理:以客户为主导的组织

约翰·罗素·霍奇

摘要:未来的组织将变小,其商业环境将变得混乱。论文考虑到影响,认为基于项目的管理方法将成为规范。 客户的先进性及其对信息的更复杂使用技术将导致全面的项目管理,从而使客户成为项目经理。供应商将成为促进者。 动态价值链将在此基础上竞争的能力,不仅在增值过程方面,而且在他们的能力方面管理能力和灵活性。 在这样的项目环境中进行组织学习将成为中央管理的问题。

关键字:定制,价值链,学习型组织,运营范围,组织变革

本文通过以下方式探索了项目管理的未来考虑管理者的一些想法。读者将了解当前的观点在21世纪的工作中,更重要的是,项目管理将扮演越来越重要的角色。但是,这将是项目管理的一种新形式这涉及动态信息管理和大规模远程方之间的交换。这些过程的确切规格和细节均不明确盖在这里;该论文综合了当前的思想,并且为此类发展奠定了平台。它在处理组织理论家和项目经理有很多共同点,也许这两个学科应该发展直接而不是非正式的联系。

所有管理的未来都是变革管理一个越来越混乱的世界。在下一个成功世纪,组织将需要能够应对变化率和变化率,我们无法想像。技术精湛的消费者,平等公司信息源的访问级别,将要求更高水平的服务和更高的附加值在真正的全球市场中运作的组织。应对这样做对于管理的本质是必要的改变。在1990年代已经出现了几种趋势提出巨大的变化,不仅以可行的方式过程是有组织的,而且在组织。他们将使用项目管理技术作为竞争优势的来源。随着信息技术的改进,这种变化将使客户在未来最终将成为真正的项目经理。提供了对未来组织的愿景,其中总项目管理将成为主要的管理风格。

附加值的本质

1990年代以市场为导向的观点将操作定义为:将资源的输入单位转换为收益的输出单位的引擎。 客户需要满意的单位才能使满意度(并越来越高兴),而组织则需要产生收益(或利润)和服务质量度量。因此,炼油厂,工厂,商店,超市,政府部门和酒店都是运营引擎的形式,每一种都将不同的投入组合转换为不同的产出或收益范围,供客户消费。购买者之所以购买这种“好处”,是因为他们认为它们具有附加值。组织将不得不选择最符合市场需求的“效益”交付系统:那些能带来最大附加值的系统。基于产品的组织传统上使用结构化解决方案(产品范围)来解决结构化问题(客户选择)。服务组织尝试为非结构化问题(例如,财务需求)提供结构化解决方案(例如贷款)(参考文献2从组织角度讨论了结构化和非结构化问题的作用)。 关键时刻的概念帮助诸如斯堪的纳维亚航空公司的服务组织和美国联邦快递(Federal Express)将其业务结构重新聚焦于客户。提供商组织将越来越多地使用动态结构化的解决方案来解决非结构化的问题,并将正反馈机制应用于消费者的潜在想法。 商学院将不再教授独特的销售主张;这将成为独特的能力主张。组织将在竞争方面他们如何有效地实现将客户的思想变为现实的能力。

经营特征和附加值

对操作系统特征进行分类的基本方法是按进程类型,从项目到连续操作。表1给出了摘要。这使您可以对组织和流程策略进行一些一般性的观察。例如,如果组织在其运营子系统中采用项目管理方法,则其灵活的响应能力可能会比其基础结构以生产线或连续过程方法为主的情况更大。 Hill记录了现有基础架构与环境外部变化之间组织不一致的可能性(请参阅参考文献7,第150页,第151页)。 Morgan在更广泛的组织环境中也注意到了这一点(请参见参考资料8,第60-65页,尤其是图3-7)。因此,历史上确定了组织用来管理自身的程序和过程,但它们会影响组织未来的竞争能力。在许多组织中,随着市场动态和组织基础结构的历史调整越来越紧张,即将到来的变化将带来主要的基础结构和文化挑战(请参阅参考例9)。

组织的运营特征可以是根据质量,品种(根据产品范围,性能属性和所采用的技术范围)和所用技术的复杂程度进行定义。这适用于输入/输出组合以及实现其转换所采用的增值过程。流程的定位为组织的竞争能力提供了基础平台(请参见图1)。可以推断出,沿轴的任何正向移动都将为客户带来附加值。

当前的趋势是在所有三个轴上(即图1中的C1到C2)的变化率不断提高,并且范围缩小(集中的工厂角度)。因此,组织必须重新定义其运营的规模和形式,以跟上并最好能预测客户需求的变化。随着组织规模的缩小,实现此目标的唯一方法是根据正在开展的特定项目的需要不断重新定义与其他组织的联系和伙伴关系。

组织变革1990年代应用的业务流程再造(BPR)不必质疑市场决策或未来方向。在瞬息万变的市场中,将需要不断重新定义运行范围。这是BPR所不能提供的。传统上,组织展现出有机增长或进行收购以扩展其运营能力和进入市场的能力。在此过程中,管理结构(功能和后续部门组织)和信息系统已针对新挑战进行了调整。

管理性质

因此,不稳定对于创新至关重要。如果要连续重新定义工作范围也很重要。1990年代的比喻是现代战斗机内置的扩展的运行范围:该技术内置的系统管理软件可以防止自毁,同时最大限度地发挥系统的潜力。管理风格的趋势支持这种观点。凯西(Casey)24说对权威的挑战将不再局限于董事会冲突:现在可以在最底层索取权力,未来管理者的实力将取决于他们鼓励和奖励来自下面的主张的技能,以及他们将每次懒惰或紧张的尝试避开到轻松选择的技能依赖性。昨天的雄心勃勃的经理人容易被公认为是抢权的人,明天的雄心勃勃的经理人将是那些巧妙地将权力散布的人。Stacey得出结论(见参考文献21,第81页),优秀的公司将在不稳定是成功的基础上运作。不稳定不仅是由于无知或无能,而且是成功业务系统的基本特征,成功的经理人积极地利用有限的不稳定来激发创新。

与客户对接

服务的传统定义基于以下事实:客户是运营交付的一部分系统。即使在基于产品的行业中,作为收益而不是产品或服务,这也将成为现实,成为一个更普遍的概念。从“福利提供”流程的开始,让客户参与进来变得越来越普遍。但是,组织的成功取决于其有效地将客户映射到其运营范围内的能力。

正如波特的五力模型所暗示的,随着时间的流逝行业的动态发生了变化,竞争对手所面临的竞争挑战也发生了变化。与客户保持亲密关系的压力越来越大,促使成功的组织发展一种将客户置于企业核心的结构。服务三角形(有关此模型的讨论,请参见参考文献26,取自参考文献27)(参见图5)成为一种强大的方式,不仅可以理解服务,而且可以从客户角度理解任何收益交付系统。客户是运营的中心,组织尝试通过策略,系统和人员(或服务=策略 微笑 系统)的组合来管理界面。客户和三个元素之间的线代表客户界面。这是个人真实时刻的结合体,其中任何一个时刻都可以巩固或破坏这种关系。显然,按照彼得斯的说法,界面的性质是水平的,而不是垂直的。事实证明,这个简单的模型是检查各种组织的强大工具,并且在可预见的将来,其中显示出的张力将继续推动组织的客户体验。与中心客户三角的所有接触点都见证了“关键时刻”。组织可以通过将这样的时刻作为结构化和以客户为中心的服务的战略交付的特定部分来利用此图。

随着项目管理技术的发展以及计算机界面越来越适应我们所生活的日常生活,客户成为价值链网络的一部分是自然而然的发展。这将为他们提供自己扮演协调/协助角色的选择。为了竞争,组织将必须专注于潜在客户。灵活的交付系统将提供对客户需求的即时响应,该交付系统由组织之间的单位联盟组成,这些组织试图预测客户的想法,从而以最大程度地发挥其能力的方式管理其流程基础结构。总体项目管理的概念将是针对客户需求的整个交付系统,该系统使用复杂的项目管理工具来协调和维护流程,最终由客户作为项目经理。

结论

趋势和紧张局势正在引导组织走向更具参与性的组织风格:服务/产品收益,产品种类,学习环境的组织以及混乱的管理理论。价值链链接将越来越明确地成为组织日常工作的一部分,因为它们将努力提高自身的运营能力,以应对日益困难的市场。价值链接本身之间,价值链与客户之间将扮演新的促进角色。后者对于帮助客户以价值链可以理解的方式定义和指定他们的要求是必要的。由系统集成咨询公司催生的越来越强大的组织将填补这一角色。作为此过程的一部分,将开发项目管理工具以提高可见性并简化合作伙伴之间的沟通。此外,将必须开发项目管理工具,以帮助单个合作伙伴管理其组织面临的项目计划。组织设计和项目管理学科使用通用方法。这两个学科可以互相学习。目前,这些链接是非正式的。联合方法将使许多领域受益。例如,本文引起的一个明显问题是在基于项目的环境中进行组织学习的需求。根据定义项目的学习内容受到限制,因为根据定义,它们存在于单个目的并且在达到目标时解散了项目团队。但是,组织学习文献意味着不断改进。因此,项目组织获取学习成果的方式是一个中心问题,需要两个学科都给予更大的关注。由于当前对组织发展和未来竞争性质的看法,基于项目的管理方法将成为一种占主导地位的方法。经验丰富的客户很可能会自己负责整个收益交付过程,从而使基于项目的管理方法成为整个项目管理的极限。客户不仅将成为王者,而且她还将从前台领导。

外文文献出处:International Journalof Project Management . 1995 (1)

外文文献原文:

Total project management: the customer-led organisation

John Russell-Hodge

Abstract:Future organisations will be small, and their business environments will be chaotic. The paper considers the implications, arguing that a project-based management approach will become the norm. The greater sophistication of customers and their more sophisticated use of information technology will lead to total project management, whereby customers will become project managers. Suppliers will become facilitators. Dynamic value chains will compete on the basis of their capabilities, not just in terms of their value-added processes, but also in terms of their management capabilities and flexibility. Organisational learning in such a project environment will become the central management problem.

Keywords: customisation, value chains, learning organisations, operating envelopes, organisational change

This paper explores the future of project management by considering some of the ideas of management soothsayers. The reader will gain an appreciation of the current views on work in the 21 st century and, more importantly, of the increasingly vital role that project management will play. This will, however, be a new form of project management that involves dynamic information management and exchange between remote parties on a massive scale. The exact specifications and details of these processes are not covered here; the paper synthetises current thinking, and lays a platform for such developments. It is noted in the process that organisational theorists and project managers have much in common, and that perhaps the two disciplines should develop direct, rather than informal, links. The future of all management is change management in an ever-increasingly chaotic w

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Total project management: the customer-led organisation

John Russell-Hodge

Abstract:Future organisations will be small, and their business environments will be chaotic. The paper considers the implications, arguing that a project-based management approach will become the norm. The greater sophistication of customers and their more sophisticated use of information technology will lead to total project management, whereby customers will become project managers. Suppliers will become facilitators. Dynamic value chains will compete on the basis of their capabilities, not just in terms of their value-added processes, but also in terms of their management capabilities and flexibility. Organisational learning in such a project environment will become the central management problem.

Keywords: customisation, value chains, learning organisations, operating envelopes, organisational change

This paper explores the future of project management by considering some of the ideas of management soothsayers. The reader will gain an appreciation of the current views on work in the 21 st century and, more importantly, of the increasingly vital role that project management will play. This will, however, be a new form of project management that involves dynamic information management and exchange between remote parties on a massive scale. The exact specifications and details of these processes are not covered here; the paper synthetises current thinking, and lays a platform for such developments. It is noted in the process that organisational theorists and project managers have much in common, and that perhaps the two disciplines should develop direct, rather than informal, links. The future of all management is change management in an ever-increasingly chaotic world. To succeed in the next century, organisations will need to be able to cope with rates of change, and rates of rates of change, that we cannot imagine. Technically sophisticated consumers, with equal levels of access to corporate information sources, will demand ever higher levels of service and added value from organisations operating in truly global markets. To cope with this, it will be necessary for the nature of management to change. Several trends already evident in the 1990s suggest a sea change, not only in the way that operational processes are organised, but also in the structures of organisations. They will use project-management techniques as a source of competitive advantage. Following improvements in information technology, such change will allow customers, ultimately, to be the true project managers of the future. A vision of future organisations is offered in which total project management will be the dominant management style.

Nature of added value

A 1990s marketing-led view would define operations as

The engine that converts input units of resource into output units of benefit. The units of benefit are required by the customer for satisfaction (and increasingly for delight) and by the organisation for the generation of profit (or margin) and service-quality measure(s).

Thus refineries, factories, shops, supermarkets, government departments and hotels are all forms of operating engines, each converting a different mix of inputs into a different range of outputs, or benefits, for customers to consume. Purchasers buy such benefits because they perceive added value in them. Organisations will have to choose benefit delivery systems which best match the requirements of the marketplace: those which add the greatest added value. Product-based organisations have traditionally used structured solutions (the product range) to structured problems (the customer choice). Service organisations attempt to offer structured solutions (for example a loan) to unstructured problems (for example a need for finance) (Reference 2 discusses the roles of structured and unstructured problems in organisational terms). The concept of moments of truth helps service organisations such as Scandinavian Airlines and Federal Express to refocus their structures around the customer 3 5,. Provider organisations will increasingly use dynamically structured solutions to unstructured problems, applying positive-feedback mechanisms to the latent thoughts of consumers. No longer will the unique selling proposition be taught in business schools; this will become the unique capability proposition. Organisations will compete in terms of how effective they are at selling the capability of turning customer thought into reality.

Operating characteristics and added value

A fundamental way to classify the characteristics of operating systems is by process type, from project through to continuous operations. A summary is given in Table 1. This allows some general observations about organisation and process strategy to be made. For example, it is likely that the flexible responsiveness of an organisation will be greater if it is geared to the use of a project-management approach in its operational subsystems than if its infrastructure is dominatedby line or continuous-process methods. Hill has documented the potential for organisational incongruence between existing infrastructures and external changes in the environment (see Reference 7, pp 150, 151). This has also been noted in the wider organisational context by Morgan (see Reference 8, pp 60-65, and particularly Figures 3-7). Thus the procedures and processes which an organisation uses to manage itself are historically determined, and yet they affect the organisations ability to compete in the future. In many organisations, the changes to come will present major infrastructure and cultural challenges as the historical alignments of market dynamics and organisation infrastructures are put under increasing tension (see Reference 9 for an example).

The operating characteristics of

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