社会工作实习：介入指南外文翻译资料

社会工作实习：介入指南

原文作者 Barbara Thomlison

摘要：在社会工作计划中，社会工作实习是作为一门必修的核心课程的。根据特定的实习计划，会有两个或更多不同的实习课程和实习设置。根据社会工作计划的实施形式的不同，他们的实习可以采取的方式有，“社会工作”的实施地点、实习过程的管理方式以及实习阶段展开的方式。本文从实习形式、实习教程、实习设置、实习过程和实习阶段5个方面展开，以简单了解社会工作实习是什么。

关键词：社会工作； 实习； 形式

社会工作实习是什么？

在社会工作计划中，社会工作实习是作为一门必修的核心课程的。经认可的社会工作计划要求学生在实际操作环境中花费最少的时数，并由合格的实习教师监督；然而实际上，许多实习计划的要求都超过了最低限度。你的实习经历占据你的整个社会工作教育过程的四分之一到三分之一。

根据你特定的实习计划，你可能会有两个或更多不同的实习课程和/或实习设置。根据社会工作计划的实施形式的不同，他们的实习可以采取的方式有，“社会工作”的实施地点、实习过程的管理方式以及实习阶段展开的方式。在这里，最重要的一点，是要认识到实习形式与社会工作计划有所不同。现在让我们了解一下实习者可以采用的不同实习形式。

1.实习形式

你的实习可能被设置为一个阶段性安排，即利用一学年、一季度或一学期的时间全职实习。在设置的实习阶段期间，你可能只需要一个实践方法课程或一个实习教程(稍后将讨论)。第二种可能性是你可以采用并发形式的实习。这意味着你可以在一周的部分时间内进行实习，并在本周的其他时间继续参加课堂课程，例如人类行为学、研究、社会政策、面试、选修课等等。一般来说，两种实习形式都会在你的实习环境中为你提供相同的实习时数。

对于一种实习形式的偏好与时数无关；相反，它关注的是你在实习中完全沉浸在实践中的优点和缺点，而非部分课堂、部分练习的设置形式。例如，一个学生在学校有一半的时间，在实习的环境中有一半的时间(更不用说偶尔回家的“第三部分时间”了)，可能会在课堂教学的需求和实习的要求之间产生矛盾。为了适应一个新案主或花一天的时间阅读来完成学期论文，你可能会忍不住翘课。另一方面，当两者同时发生时，你可能会发现将你的实习经验与课堂课程结合起来更容易。例如，如果你正在上一门关于小组工作的课程，如果你的实习课程设置了一些小组作业，那可能会很有帮助。

2.实习教程

正如我们前面提到的，一些社会工作计划使用正式的阶段性实习，而另一些使用并发实习形式。有些课程形式是为本科课程设置的，另一种则用于研究生课程。大多数是根据与社会工作计划有关的当地社会服务机构的需求和资源量身定制的。大多数社会工作课程通过提供有时称为综合实践研讨会或现场研讨会的实践教程，来确保实习课程和课堂课程的整合。

你的实习教程将帮助你从实践中建立理论，将理论运用于实践，并通过探索、反思和运用转移和概括你的学习。你的教程可能会由你的实习联络员、实习指导员或你的社会工作计划中的一位教师讲授。它可能发生在你的校园里，或者是在你的实习环境中，但其目的始终如一：帮助你理解你所经历的事情，将实践问题与理论结合起来，并成为一个有效的社会工作实践者。其主要目的是通过让你与同学讨论你的实践经验，将实践问题与实践理论相结合。以阅读、反思和讨论的形式进行准备对于在这个非常重要的课程中实现整合至关重要。

3.实习设置

正如你从课堂教学中知道的那样，社会工作者在很多不同的环境中发挥着作用。有些工作只针对那些在特定领域有问题的个人，如滥用药物、养育子女、无家可归或与刑事司法系统有太过亲密的关系。一些社会工作者关注团体小组，比如愤怒管理、自助和赡养父母。有些与家庭合作，如家庭支持或家庭保护计划。一些与机构组织合作，例如机构联盟或跨学科合作提供服务。有些人从事研究和写作工作。一些社会工作者做以上所有的工作，而一些人可能专攻某一特定领域。

我们的工作环境包括我们自己的办公室、小型双人机构、商务办公室、大型复杂的官僚机构和组织、医院、学校、法院、社区和许多其他地方。我们被称为社会工作者、缓刑官、顾问、临床社会工作者、家庭治疗师、团体工作者、街道工作者、社区工作者、研究人员、计划规划者和政策分析师。因此，实习设置可以适应于各种各样的情况。你的实习设置可能是一个社区、一个机构或组织内的一个项目或部门，或一个项目或部门中的一个项目。

4.实习过程

大多数社会工作项目都设有办公室，所有与实习有关的工作都是需要执行和管理的。根据单个项目的规模，一个办公室可以由几个人和几台嗡嗡作响的计算机组成，或者是单独一个人在一个小区域工作。无论其规模如何，有很多关键人员参与管理和支持你的课程实习，其中，实习督导是很为重要的角色—有时被称为现场主管、实习协调员或现场协调员。

实习督导的任务是确保有足够的实习环境来容纳所有的社会工作学生，实践环境足够多样化以提供有意义的选择，并且每个实习环境都提供真正的学习体验。如你所知，社会工作是一个庞大而多元化的领域。正因为如此，潜在的实习环境的选择可能是巨大的，并可能令人困惑。实习督导将选择知名的实习基地，其社会工作人员有时间、兴趣、知识和技能，为你提供良好的实践学习环境。

一般来说，实习督导会向你传播有关当地社区内可用实习环境的信息。每个社会工作计划都有自己的方式，可以将你与实习环境、实习教师和实习联络人相匹配。即使你最初感到失望，也请记住很少会有（如果有的话）完美匹配。保持开放的心态可以使几乎所有的学生/环境/教师/联络人匹配到并成为宝贵的学习经验。请记住，你的社会工作计划先前已筛选出不适合的实习环境、指导教师和联络人。

5.实习阶段

你的实习经历将包含多个阶段，从你与实习单位相匹配的过程开始。这涉及到你在社会工作计划中对实习环境的目的和意图的理解。它包括了解你如何学习，以便你可以充分利用你的实践经验。我们将在第一部分讨论所有这些。

第二阶段包括设定行程，绘制你的期望，陈述你的学习目标，并明确可用来帮助你实现学习目标的任务或活动。这一切都是开始，了解你的实习指导员，并设置到你的计划中。在这个阶段，你和你的实习教师创造一个有意义的学习环境也很重要。部分原因在于试图确定如何知道以及自己何时开始做什么。这通常以你们之间的学习协议、实习指导员和实习联络人的形式组合在一起。所有这些将在第二部分中介绍。

第三阶段涉及进展和表演，执行任务和活动，参与每周监督以及任何其他可供你使用的教育机会。在此期间，你可能会参加我们之前讨论过的实习教程。所有这些都将帮助你将你正在进行的工作转化为有意义的学习，并帮助你检查和评估你的工作。这在第三部分中都有介绍。

最后，你的实习过旅程将结束，你将花费一些时间来总结它，这是第四阶段。重要的是，你和你的实习老师要处理好离开你的案主和你的实习环境导致的任何困境或问题。同样重要的是，你要清楚你所学到的东西，以及你需要投入精力的地方，这样你就可以把这段经历与接下来要做的事情联系起来：也许是另一种实习环境或工作。

每项社会工作计划对学习评估的重视程度都会有所不同。有些实习项目需要在实习期间对你的进展进行正式的中期评估，而另一些则不需要。一些项目正式评估他们的实习指导教师，而另一些则没有。另外，一些实习项目会正式地评估每个实习环境；还有一些项目不太正式地进行评估。最重要的是，对学习的评估有助于提供一个持续的、有质量的实践，不仅对你，而且对将来的实习学生也是如此。这是第四部分的全部内容。

因为你的社会工作计划不仅仅告诉你“在社会工作领域找一份工作并获得一些实际经验”，你的实习不只是一个学徒。相反，实践经验是精心设计的，以促进你的学习，让你思考和行事，成为一个专业的社会工作者。

学徒通过观察“师父”来学习，并模仿他们的所见所闻。如果你的师父不称职或者有一些坏习惯，你很有可能也会学到这些。此外，你可能无法识别无能，因为你没有其他的信息来源。有时学徒不明白他们为什么要做他们正在做的事情。他们只是被训练去做一份工作，而不是去想它。社会工作有不同的模式。我们的专业结合了专家和资深实践者的学习经验，帮助学生批判性地思考他们自己的工作，以及他们所观察到的工作，并发掘学生自身的优势和能力。借助这些信息，你就能了解社会工作专业是如何适应更大的图景的。

既然我们知道了什么是实习，什么不是，我们就会把注意力转向这个领域的复杂性。

外文文献出处：The social work practicum: an access guide 2nd ed /​ Barbara Thomlison/Itasca, Ill.: F.E. Peacock, c1996.6-10

附外文文献原文

YOUR PRACTICUM IS hellip;

Your practicum is a required core course in your social work program. Accredited social work programs require that students spend a minimum number of hours in real-life practice settings, supervised by qualified practicum instructors; many programs require more than the minimum, however. Your practicum(s) can range from one-quarter to one-third of your total social work educational experience.

Depending on your particular program, you may have two or more distinct practicum courses and/or practicum settings. Social work programs vary in the format that their practicums can take, the places where “social work” is done, the way in which the practicum process is administered, and the phases in which the practicum unfolds. The most important thing to remember at this point is that practicum formats vary as much as social work programs. Let us now turn to the different formats that practicums can take.

Practicum Formats

Your practicum may be taken as a block placement, in which you go to your practicum setting full time for a term, quarter, or semester. During a block placement, you may take only a practice methods course or a practicum tutorial course(to be discussed shortly). A second possibility is that you may take your practicum in a concurrent format. This means that you may take your practicum setting for part of the week and continue to take classroom courses—such as human behavior, research, social policy, interviewing, electives, and so forth—during the other part of the week. Generally speaking, both practicum formats provide you with the same total number of hours in your practicum setting.

Preference for one format has nothing to do with hours: rather, it is concerned with the advantages and disadvantages of a total immersion in your practicum as compared with a part-classroom, part-practicum setting format. For example, a student who exists half in school and half in a practicum setting (not to mention the “third half” which goes home occasionally) might feel torn between the demands of classroom course work and the demands of the practicu

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The social work practicum: an access guide second edition（6-10）

Barbara Thomlison

Itasca, Ill.: F.E. Peacock, c1996.

YOUR PRACTICUM IS hellip;

Your practicum is a required core course in your social work program. Accredited social work programs require that students spend a minimum number of hours in real-life practice settings, supervised by qualified practicum instructors; many programs require more than the minimum, however. Your practicum(s) can range from one-quarter to one-third of your total social work educational experience.

Depending on your particular program, you may have two or more distinct practicum courses and/or practicum settings. Social work programs vary in the format that their practicums can take, the places where “social work” is done, the way in which the practicum process is administered, and the phases in which the practicum unfolds. The most important thing to remember at this point is that practicum formats vary as much as social work programs. Let us now turn to the different formats that practicums can take.

Practicum Formats

Your practicum may be taken as a block placement, in which you go to your practicum setting full time for a term, quarter, or semester. During a block placement, you may take only a practice methods course or a practicum tutorial course(to be discussed shortly). A second possibility is that you may take your practicum in a concurrent format. This means that you may take your practicum setting for part of the week and continue to take classroom courses—such as human behavior, research, social policy, interviewing, electives, and so forth—during the other part of the week. Generally speaking, both practicum formats provide you with the same total number of hours in your practicum setting.

Preference for one format has nothing to do with hours: rather, it is concerned with the advantages and disadvantages of a total immersion in your practicum as compared with a part-classroom, part-practicum setting format. For example, a student who exists half in school and half in a practicum setting (not to mention the “third half” which goes home occasionally) might feel torn between the demands of classroom course work and the demands of the practicum setting. It might be tempting to skip class to accommodate a new client or to spend the day reading to finish a term paper. On the other hand, you might find it easier to integrate your practicum experience with your classroom courses when both are occurring simultaneously. If you are taking a class on group work, for example, it might be helpful if your practicum setting does group work of some kind.

Practicum Tutorials

As we mentioned earlier, some social work programs use the block practicum formal and others use a concurrent format. Some programs use one format for the undergraduate program and the other for the graduate program. Most tailor the format to the needs and resources of the local social service agencies that are affiliated with the social work program. A majority of social work programs ensure that practicum and classroom courses are integrated by providing practicum tutorials that are sometimes called integrative practice seminars or field seminars.

Your practicum tutorial will help you to build theory from practice, apply theory to practice, and transfer and generalize your learning through exploration, reflection, and application. Your tutorial may be taught by your practicum liaison, your practicum instructor, or one of the instructors in your social work program. It may take place on your campus or right at your practicum setting, but its purpose is always the same: to help you to make sense of what you are experiencing, to integrate practice issues with theory, and to become an effective social work practitioner. Its main purpose is to integrate practice issues with practice theory by allowing you to discuss your practice experiences with your classmates. Preparation in the form of reading, reflection, and discussion is critical to achieving integration within this very important course.

Practicum Settings

As you know from your classroom courses, social workers function in many different settings. Some work only with individuals who have problems in a specific area, such as substance abuse, parenting, homelessness, or having too intimate an acquaintanceship with the criminal justice system. Some social workers work with groups, such as in anger management, self-help, and with foster parents. Some work with families, such as in family support or family preservation programs. Some work with organizations, such as coalitions of agencies, or interdisciplinary collaboration in service delivery. Some do research and some write books. Some social workers do all of the above, and some may specialize in one particular area.

We work in environments that range from our own offices, to small two-person agencies, to business offices, to large and complex bureaucracies and organizations, hospitals, schools, courts, neighborhoods, and many other places. We are known as social workers, probation officers, counselors, clinical social workers, family therapists, group workers, street workers, community workers, researchers, program planners, and policy analysts. Thus, practicum settings can take on a wide variety of contexts. Your actual setting may be a community, a program or department within an agency or organization, or a project within a program or department.

Practicum Processes

Most social work programs have offices where everything to do with practicums is administered and managed. Depending on the size of an individual program, an office can be staffed by several persons and a hive of humming computers or it may be a single person, working in a small area. Regardless of its s

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