中国留守儿童的情绪和行为问题的初步研究外文翻译资料

 2023-01-10 04:01

中国留守儿童的情绪和行为问题的初步研究

摘要:目的:探讨在中国湖南省的留守儿童其行为及情绪问题及相关的因素。方法:本文对1274名学童(48.7%的女生;12.4plusmn;2.2年岁)的样本完成了不同强度的人口统计学问题的问卷,当前的护理人员包括专业护理人员和亲生父母并且有教师参与了家庭问卷调查。结果 有629名(49%)的儿童为留守儿童,其中的486名目前由亲戚照料和其他41名由非亲戚照料。高达102的儿童有过被留守的历史,但是目前在调查进行时与一个或多个亲生父母生活在一起。总共有645(51%)的孩子没有被留守的历史,是可控制人群。留守儿童明显比非留守儿童体现出更多的精神病理学和更少的亲社会行为。这些差异,除了更多的多动症和更少的亲社会行为, 与教育和社会经济地位的孩子,家长和护理员,参与的教师调整资料都有关系。留守儿童的精神病理学与这些变量显著负相关。持续时间长,在很小的时候被留下的孩子与更多的精神病理学显著相关。总的来说,由非亲戚照料的显示更多的精神病理学,由父母照料然后由亲戚照料的紧随其后。然而,除了亲社会行为,调整后留守儿童的人口统计学变量和持续时间之间的所有差异消失了。结论:留守儿童处于危险之中,有发展性的情感和行为问题,尤其是当留守儿童在生命的早期,更长的时间由在年轻的护理人员或者非亲属与受教育程度低、低社会经济地位的人照顾,而且有更低的教师支持。策略来防止精神病理学的发展及其改进和政府政策,以减少留守儿童的数量是必要的。

关键词:中国留守儿童 精神病理学

正文(介绍)

中国在过去20年,“改革开放”给一些地区带来了经济发展,特别是城市,因此不可避免的大规模的劳动力从农村转移到城市。因此,数以百万计的男性和女性的农民移民到城市,为家人寻找更好的收入,许多年轻的孩子被留在农村的亲戚和朋友的家里。这些孩子被称作“留守儿童”, 本研究对象被定义为被独自留在自己的家乡的和父母比较更多被其他人照顾超过12个月的孩子们。2006年12月,和湖南省妇联一起,我们小组进行了一项调查共9150359名15岁年龄的儿童在中国湖南省农村地区的成长模式。我们组设计的调查是一个省的人口普查和妇联举办的全省系统。在这个调查中,2494495 (27.3%)名是目前正在被留守的儿童和732029 (8.0%)名是有被留守历史的儿童,但在研究的时候,他们又与父母生活在了一起(过去的留守儿童)。在这些留守儿童中,74.0%是在由祖父母照顾,12.8%是被叔叔或阿姨照顾,13.2%是由没有亲戚关系的人照顾。根据这一数据,据估计,在中国2000万多名儿童没有被父母直接抚养,反映了一个严重的社会问题,有很大的对儿童心理健康不利的潜在影响。

有证据表明,中国留守儿童的生活状况变得更糟,这些孩子正在经历严重的心理健康问题(如,焦虑症和行为问题)以及学术困难。这些结果强调,他们迫切需要政府的评估和社区、学校和心理健康系统的支持。然而,研究在中国还没有系统地评估和比较留守儿童的情感和行为问题,同时考虑到不同类型的护理人员。此外,这些研究没有分析孩子的年龄和当时留下或被留下的持续时间的影响。而且,当前的研究不包括对照组或从整个省分层随机样本。留守儿童被迫生活在亲戚家或非亲戚家,因为他们的父母为了寻找更好的工作来维持他们的家庭,而不是因为他们忽视或虐待他们的孩子。尽管不能完全地概括出大多数原因,但不是全部,因为有报道研究称这些生活在亲戚家或非亲戚家的儿童比由父母亲自抚养的儿童有更多的心理问题和学校生活困难。然而,并不是所有的不住在自己家里而是与专业的、有经验的和关心他人的养父母住在一起的孩子都能从发展精神病理学和实际上得到许多益处。

精神病理学在与他人生活的儿童或留守儿童依靠于许多个人、家庭和环境因素包括之前历史的精神病理学,暴露了创伤和预先存在的附件的困难。关于最后一个问题,孩子们的情感剥夺可能存在不安全或紊乱依附于他们的照顾者的问题,或者,更糟糕的是,有更多障碍的行为。这些困难又与行为和情感问题的存在相适应。高危儿童寄养或留守儿童开发依附问题。这些问题可能会对其心理的正常发展产生深远的影响,增加更严重的精神病理学的风险。除了干扰的能力形成依附条件,留守儿童的心理问题可能归因于几个恶化的因素,包括生活条件贫穷和年龄,剩下的孩子在生活上存在更高的风险的精神病理学,失去了平时需要频繁接触的父母,暴露在负面事件前的留守儿童有对自己的未来和社会歧视程度的不确定性。同时,留守儿童的护理人员要面临许多挑战,包括支持不足、社会歧视、孤立,打乱了休闲和退休计划,与年龄相关的逆境,保管的儿童的愤怒情绪和财政困难。结果护理人员会有抑郁、焦虑、愤怒或易怒的情绪,这可能影响他们的能力和态度教育,最终影响到孩子的健康。

本研究的主要目的是比较大样本的人口统计和情绪与行为问题的湖南省的留守儿童和随机样本来自同一地区的被父母亲自抚养的孩子。本研究还研究了情绪和行为问题之间的关系,提出有不同的照顾者和有教师参与的家庭教育和支持。此外,还对在以前是留守儿童但现在与父母住在一起的儿童行为和情绪问题进行了评估研究。人口统计学变量的影响和潜在的协会之间的留守的儿童的发病的年龄心理或行为问题进行了探讨。

讨论

本研究发现,在湖南省在一个随机样本的贫穷县大约50%的儿童有被留守的历史。与可控制的孩子相比,留守儿童有更多的精神病理学和更少的亲社会行为。然而,除了更多的多动症和更少的亲社会行为,情感和行为问题中发现的留守儿童主要差异是在儿童的年龄,亲生父母和照顾者的年龄、教育和SES水平,教师参与家庭教育。女孩比男孩有更多的情感问题和更多的亲社会行为,和男孩比女孩更有多动症。长期被留守的儿童有更多的与情感上的症状显著相关的困难。3岁的留守儿童有更多情感上的症状,9岁的留守儿童有更少的亲社会行为。

重要的是要考虑到本研究的局限性。首先,数据代表性,本研究只评估统计关联而不是因果关系。评估因果关系的唯一途径是纵向研究孩子被留守之前和留守之后。然而,目前的研究提供了重要的初步数据,指出不同的因素需要在未来的研究评估。第二,其他因素如照护者和亲生父母的心理健康状况、父母的访问孩子的频率和与他们沟通的质量,留守儿童和照顾者之间的相互作用没有评估,这将作为未来论文的主题。这个研究没有考虑其他因素,可能会影响研究留守孩子的结果包括父母的精神病理学和孩子被留下之前的家庭关系。第三,孩子们需要自己独立生活,因为他们的亲生父母并不在身边,而且它还不清楚照顾者是否充分熟悉孩子们的情感和行为问题。人口数据收集的只有留守儿童的主要照顾者(例如,祖母)而不是其他照顾者(例如,祖父和叔叔)。第四,考虑到小样本大小,这群孩子们与他们的父母分离不到12个月的不包括在分析中。第五,一些四年级的孩子不到11岁,尽管他们能进行自我报告并自己根据试点试验。最后,对照组不提供足够的控制因素,可能会影响孩子的正常发展。

在整个湖南留守儿童的比例在当前的研究中(49%)显著高于普通儿童,也许是因为生活在贫困地区的农民往往更频繁地迁移到城市来提高他们的收入。这项研究的结果复制和扩展当前的文献和研究结果表明,在儿童早期被留下的时间越长,尤其是在年轻的、贫穷和缺少教育的、没有亲戚关系的、教师的支持少的家庭里护理风险较高,引发更多的情感和行为问题。事实上,大多数精神病理学的差异在留守儿童和可控制儿童之间不再重视孩子的年龄、亲生父母和照顾者的年龄、教育程度、教师参与家庭教育程度,这表明这些变量在儿童精神病理学的发展的重要性提高了。其他发育儿科研究也发现,这些变量与儿童精神病理学相关。

目前尚不清楚为什么多动症和亲社会行为问题调整后依然显著于区域变量,但它可能的是由于在父母离开之前孩子们已经有了高水平的多动和少的亲社会行为,多动症是更有可能与生物因素有关。然而,在我们关注孩子的精神病理学之前他们被父母留在家里。

总之,中国的经济快速发展,伴随着进步农民向城市的迁移,使大部分的儿童留守在没有亲戚关系的照顾者家里。受教育较少的父母把他们的孩子较早地留在家里,很长一段时间和年轻、贫穷和无知的非亲属照顾者住在一起,少了老师的支持最大的风险就是情感和行为问题。目前发现的有关变量服从变化(如,教师支持、教育)和信息化的发展策略来预防或改善留守儿童的精神病理学的发展和政府政策来防止孩子们产生情感问题。本研究确定的问题的严重性和一些人口统计学变量与留守儿童相关联。

未来的研究应该评估其他参与留守儿童的情感和行为问题的重要社会心理因素,包括前瞻性评估现有的困难和个人、父母、家庭和社会因素与精神病理学的发展的关系,以及与弹性相关的因素。同时,未来的研究应该关注预防留守计划问题,包括教育和增加农民的经济机会,以防止他们移民到城市,让他们的孩子在很小的年龄就留在农村较长时间。

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Emotional and behavioral problems of Chinese left-behind children: a preliminary study

Fang Fan Lin yan Su Mary Kay Gill Boris Birmaher

Abstract:

Objective: To examine the behavioral and emotional problems and their correlates in left-behind children (LBC) in the Hunan Province of China.

Methods A sample of 1,274 school children (48.7%girls; 12.4plusmn;2.2yearsold) completed the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and their current caregivers completed questionnaires about caregiver/bio-parentrsquo;s demographics and teachersrsquo; involvement with the family.

Results: There were 629(49%) children with a history of being left behind, of which 486 were currently cared for by a relative (RLC) and 41 by a non-relative (NRC). As much as 102 had a past history of being left behind, but were currently living with one or more biological parents at the time of the survey (PLB). A total of 645(51%) children had no history of being left behind and were included as controls. LBC had significantly more psychopathology and less pro-social behaviors than the controls. These differences, with the exception of more hyperactivity and less pro-social behaviors, disappeared after adjusting forage, education and socioeconomic status of the children, parents/caregivers, and the involvement of the teachers. The psychopathology of LBC was significantly inversely correlated with these variables. Long duration and being left behind at a younger age were significantly associated with more psychopathology. Overall, NRC showed more psychopathology, followed by PLB and then RLC. However, with the exception of pro-social behaviors, after adjusting for demographic variables and duration of being left behind, all differences disappeared.

Conclusions: LBC are at risk to develop emotional/behavior problems, particularly if they are left behind early in life, for longer periods, in the care of young caregivers or nonrelatives with poor education and low socioeconomic status, and with less teacher support. Strategies to prevent the development of psychopathology and its amelioration, and governmental policies to decrease the rates of LBC are warranted.

Key words: China Left-behind children Psychopathology

Introduction

During the last 20 years in China , the “Reform and Opening up Policy” has brought economic development particularly to some cities ,and as a consequence the inevitable massive transfer of the work force from the countryside to the cities . Thus , with millions of male and female farmers immigrating to the cities , looking for better incomes for their families , many young children have been left behind in the countryside in the care of relatives and friends . These children are usually called “left-behind children” (LBC), and for this study they were defined as children who have been left alone in their home town and cared for by people other than their parents for over 12 months.

In December 2006, together with the Hunan Province Womenrsquo;s Federation, our group carried out a survey on the up bringing patterns of 9,150, 359 children up to the age of 15 years old in the rural area of Hunan Province (central China). The survey was a provincial census designed by our group and held by the womenrsquo;s federation system of the whole province. In this survey, 2,494,495(27.3%) were LBC currently and 732,029(8.0%) had history of LBC, but at the time of the study, they were living again with their parents (past left-behind children: PLB). Within the LBC, 74.0% were left in care of grandparents, 12.8% were being cared for by uncles/aunts and 13.2% by non-relatives. According to this data, it is estimated that in China more than 20 million children are not being raised by their parents, reflecting a serious social problem, which has significant potential mental health implications.

There is some evidence that the living situation of the Chinese LBC is getting worse and that these children are experiencing significant mental health problems (e.g.anxiety and behavioral problems) as well as academic difficulties. These results emphasize the need for urgent government assessment and support from the community, school and mental health systems. However, studies in China have not systematically assessed and compared the emotional and behavior problems of LBC, while taking different types of caregivers into account. Furthermore, these studies have not analyzed the effects of the childrsquo;s age at the time they were left behind or the effects of the duration of being left behind. Moreover, current studies have not included a control group or a stratified random sample from an entire province.

LBC were made to live with relatives or non-relatives because their parents left them looking for better jobs to sustain their families and not because they were neglecting or abusing their children. Although not completely comparable to the case of LBC, most, but not all, studies of children living with relatives or non-relatives because of neglect or abuse have reported that these children experience more psychosocial and school difficulties than children who are raised by their own parents. However, not all children living outside their homes develop psychopathology and many may actually benefit when placed with foster parents, who are professional, experienced and caring.

The presence of psychopathology in children living with others or LBC depends on many individual, familial and environmental factors including prior history of psychopathology, exposure to trauma and pre-existing attachment difficulties. With respect to this last issue, children who are emotionally deprived are likely to develop insecure or disorganized attachments to their caregivers, or, worse, manifest attachment disorder behaviors. Such difficulties are in turn moderat

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