王阳明的心学思想外文翻译资料

 2023-01-10 04:01

王阳明的心学思想

摘要:本文主要从两个方面讲述王阳明哲学具有强大影响力的原因,一方面,王阳明心学对朱熹理学上的重大突破和知行合一理论的贡献;另一方面,王阳明坎坷的一生以及在此基础上对哲学的发展和贡献。

关键词:王阳明;心学; 知行合一

王阳明(王守仁,1472年-1529年)的心学在他的生前及死后150年都在中国思想上起着主导作用。孔子,孟子,朱熹(1300-1200)等在中国的思想界有较强的影响力,但他们突出的对手就只属王阳明了。

究其原因,王阳明这么强的影响力在于他哲学思想是动态的。一方面,是由于朱熹哲学的不健康状态;另一方面,源于王阳明生平的痛苦的经历。

自1313年以来,朱熹关于儒家的解读已成为了正统思想,并成为科举考试的基础之学。到了王阳明时期,朱熹的理性探究精神和探索根本原理便退化成为王阳明所说的“零碎、孤立的细节和碎片”。更糟糕的是,考试不再是为人民服务和为世界带来和平,而是成为个人获利和成功的手段。对王阳明来说,麻烦的主要来源是程颐(程伊川,1033年-1107年)和朱熹传播调查的错误理论,他们坚持每株草、每棵树都有自己的原理,因此,要去观察它们。这理论使人们从事物的基本原理和生活基本法则中开始转移。另外,由于要去观察事物,得出它们本身所固有的知识,因此该理论认为事物作为外部,其分为意志和原理。结果到了王阳明这里,意志失去了方向和前进的动力。他说,如果原理存在于意识之外的话,那么就孝顺的原理而言,儿女孝顺之心就会随着父母的死亡而不存在。对于王阳明来说,心和理是一样的,孝顺之理并不是什么外在的东西而是存在于心中。事物(和事务)也是如此,不是外在的,它们同样存在于心中。

由于王阳明的心基本指的是意志,如果“心”决心要去了解,那么就不存有不可认识之事和原理。这也是王阳明坚持意志的诚意必须优先于调查事情的原因。在这一点上,王阳明反对朱熹将《大学》中的章节变动,以便在调查事物之前坚持意志的真诚。王阳明在《礼记》中发现有章节显示真诚的意志放在第一位,因此拒绝了朱熹的重排,并将它放回原文本中。

王阳明和朱熹之间最根本的区别是,朱熹的途径是认识,而王阳明则是道德。对于术语“格物”,朱熹解释为理性和对事物的客观调查。王阳明则更倾向于解释为“消除不正确的心态。以保持原本物质的正确性。”也就是说,调查事物或事务实际上是行善去恶。

实际上,王阳明的理论完全是主观的,他把现实和价值混淆了。如果“格物”这个术语指的是整顿心灵,那么人们很难接受他格物的观点,为什么是“格物”(指的是事物)而不是“格心”(指心)?他的解释当然是基于心和物是同一这一理论,但是他这一理论建立的理由并不稳定,当有人问他面对高山上正在成长的树,心该如何去做,他只是回答说,当你看到它们的时候,它们的颜色才显示出来,他整个重点是道德价值观。他相信,如果心被分离开或致力于外在的东西,那么它将只专注于琐碎的细节以及缺乏要点。有这种思想的学者将会因玩物而丧失生活的目的。对他来说,这是儒学衰落的原因,相应也使他那个时代的思想、政治和道德沦丧。

王阳明如何补救这种悲观的局面?补救的方式就是他对中国哲学的伟大贡献,即理论的最大的奉献——善(致良知)。该理论的延伸来源于《大学》和孟子性本善的观点。王阳明的理论并不是两者的简单相加,而是赋予了新的涵义,给中国的思想界注入了活水。

王阳明把良知看作是“心的原始物质”,“自然本性”,“心的纯智力和清醒的意识”,心是“永远闪亮”和不被外界所干扰的对事物的反应、“产生天堂、天地、鬼神和上帝”和“人类智慧根源hellip;hellip;它自然地成长并永不停歇”等的创造精神。总之,这是自然的法则,不仅是对与错的原则,也是自然延伸的原则。原始事物的心中自然知道孝顺的原则,例如,看到一个人的父母,会自然地把它延伸到实际行动。

他对中国哲学的另一重大的贡献,即知行合一的学说。儒家一直很重视知识和行动统一的观点,但是王阳明是第一个把它们确定为一体的人。根据王阳明的学说,认识是行动的开始,行动完善认识。没有人能知道食物的味道除非他品尝过。他说,他只是在想认知的特别的一部分,但是他总体上强调的意志是非常清楚的。他心和理同一的说法,是跟随陆象山(陆九渊,1139年-1193年)的,但王阳明的知行合一的学说,他所提的一些观点是包括陆九渊的在内的中国历史上许多思想家所不曾想过的。通常,新儒学运动中的唯心派被称为陆王学派,相反的理性主义则被称为程朱学派。但这王阳明的学说,不是陆九渊,对明代(1368年-1644年)有着巨大的影响。他的学说要求直爽、直接、自发行动。

前面有说到,王阳明的哲学部分上是他自己生活和时间的痛苦产物。15世纪的中国,外部受到北部半游牧部落的骚扰,内部则因统治者的无能遭到宦官篡权,学者受到打压。因朝廷的和皇室成员的需要,大范围的领域开垦建设,许多人因沉重的赋税成为土匪,甚至连太子也造反。辉煌的文化和明朝上半年的繁荣的经济已变成了颓废和混乱。许多学者努力寻求解决方案但却遭迫害。

王阳明从小就有探险的心。据说在他拜堂的当天,他完全沉浸在和一个道士有关永恒的生命的探讨中,直到第二天早晨才离开回家。起先,他研究军事的工艺品。1492年他开始研究朱熹的哲学,根据朱熹格物的理论,他和一个朋友坐在竹子的前面去观察竹子,尝试格物,但是七天之后,他们等来的却是生病。在尝试华丽辞藻的写作后,王阳明回到了军事工艺品及之后开始滋补养生的道士技术。只待发现这些都是徒劳无用的,他才回归到儒学。

王阳明二十八岁开始他的仕途生涯,在接下来的几年,他发展了自己的哲学并开始招收门徒。他演讲中最重要的是立志成为一个圣人,他严厉抨击当时背诵和华丽修饰的行为,他抗议篡权的宦官监禁学者官员,却遭被打四十大板之后被贬到当时还是土著居民的贵州。另外,他还要面对政治的隔离、大自然以及文化的匮乏,他被迫不断在脑海中思考,终于在1508年的一个晚上,他突然间悟通了事物的观察和认识的延伸之间的关系。一年之后,他意识到了认识和行动的统一。后来的1514年-1516年,他在南京任职,他的名声远播,许多学者成了他的追随者,其中一位还是他的上司。但是他激进的学说,包括坚持《大学》里旧的排版认识而不是朱熹的重排,遭到了越来越多的批评。从1516年到1519年,他成功镇压数次叛乱,由于率直的个性,他攻击正统,他的小说的观念反对他,他并没有因成就而受到嘉奖,而是成为不受欢迎的人。1521年到1527年,他退休回到自己的家乡。数以百计的学者从世界各地来到他家。1521年,他五十岁的时候,关于致良知的学说已达到哲学的顶峰,1527年,在他死前的一年多的时间里,写下了包含了他主要学说的《大学问》,在他生命的最后一年,对他攻击和嘲笑的范围和强度都在增长,但这只是增加了更多人对他的了解。他说,他的学说是“一百人死亡和一千人痛苦的实现”。这就是他为什么要求决心、坚定的目标,自我检查和自我控制,“总是做点什么”,“在生活实际事务中的打磨和训练”,通过个人体验来认识真理。

他的教导和技术都很新颖且具有挑战性。但他最终目标——形成万物一体——和基本价值——人性(仁)——是儒家的典型。他和禅宗有很多的相似之处,也因这一点被攻击了好几个世纪,但任何表面上的相似远远超过他致力于积极参与事务和动态心学。

王阳明的影响力延伸到日本,他的学校,被称为阳明学,在十七世纪到十九世纪可以和

朱熹学校(朱子学)相媲美,并在1868年对明治维新有着重要的领导意义。在中国本土,弟子们对王阳明学说的解释各不相同,尤其在心学上,因此导致了分裂和混乱。此外,一些追随者成为了不增长社会见识和智力散漫之人。在许多情况下,他们甚至把心学冠以罪恶之名。许多历史学家在指责明朝退化的追随者上越来越远,但是毫无疑问,王学已经让一个非正统的体系的弱点破坏了它本身。然而,动态的优点和哲学的目的性呼吁出了许多现代的思想家,如孙中山(1866-1925)。在第十五世纪,在许多人看来,就当时的情况的解决方案,只有一个像王阳明那样充满活力的和理想主义的体系才能解决。

文献出处:陈荣捷的《中国哲学文献选编》P654-P658

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DYNAMIC IDEALISM IN WANG YANG-MING

WING-TSIT CHAN

THE DYNAMIC IDEALISM of Wang Yang-ming (Wang Shou-jen, 1472-1529)dominated China during his lifetime and for 150 years thereafter. Confucius, Mencius, Chu Hsi (1300-1200) and others have exerted stronger influence on Chinese thought, but they had prominent rivals whereas Wang shone alone.

The reason for his strong impact lies in the dynamic quality of his philosophy. It was the result of the unhealthy state of Chu Hsis philosophy, on the one hand, and the bitterness of Wangs own life and time, on the other.

Since 1313 Chu Hsis interpretation of Confucianism had been made orthodox and the basis of the civil service examinations. Its spirit of rational inquiry and genuine search for fundamental principles had, by Wangs time, degenerated into trifling with what Wang called 'fragmentary and isolated details and broken pieces.' What was worse, the examinations were no longer an avenue for serving the people and bringing peace to the world but for personal profit and success. To Wang, the source of the trouble was the erroneous theory of the investigation of things propagated by Cheng I (Cheng I-chuan, 1033-1107) and Chu Hsi. In insisting that every blade of grass and every tree possesses principle and therefore should be investigated, the theory diverted people from the basic principles of things and the fundamentals of life. Moreover, by saying that the mind should go to things to investigate the principles inherent in them, the theory considered things as external and separated the mind and principle. As a result, according to Wang, the mind lost its direction and its motivating power. If principles were outside the mind, he said, then the principle of filial piety and therefore the desire to be filial would cease to be as soon as the parents die. To him, principle and the mind are one and the principle of filial piety is nothing but the exercise of the mind. Things (and affairs), too, are not external, for they are likewise inside the mind.

By the mind Wang meant essentially the will. There would be no principle or things unless the mind were determined to realize it. This is the reason why Wang insisted that the sincerity of the will must precede the investigation of things. In this he directly opposed Chu Hsi who shifted the chapters of the Great Learning so that that on the investigation of things comes before that on the sincerity of the will. Wang rejected this rearrangement and returned to the old text as it is found in the Book of Rites where the chapter on the sincerity of the will comes first.

The fundamental difference between Chu and Wang lies in the fact that while Chus approach is intellectual, Wangs is moral. Chu Hsi interpreted the term ko-wu as the rational and objective investigation of things, but Wang preferred to interpret it to mean to 'eliminate what is incorrect in the mind so as to preserve the correctness of its original substance.' That is to say, to investigate things or affairs is to do good and to remove evil.

Actually Wangs theory is entirely subjective and confuses reality with value. It is difficult to accept his version of ko-wu, for if the term means to rectify the mind, why should it be ko-wu (to ko things) instead of ko-hsin (to ko the mind)? His interpretation is of course based on the theory that the mind and things are one. But this theory of his is founded on very shaky grounds. When he was asked what the mind has to do with blossoming trees on the high mountains, he merely answered that their colors show up when you look at them. The point, however, is that his whole emphasis is on moral values. He was convinced that if the mind is divided or devoted to external things, it will be concerned only with frag-mentary details and will lack the essentials. Scholars with such a mind will trifle with things and lose their purpose in life. For him this was the reason for the decline of the Confucian teachings, which in turn brought on the intellectual, political, and moral decay of his time.

What was Wangs remedy for this sad situation? The remedy is his greatest contribution to Chinese philosophy, namely, the doctrine of the extension of the innate knowledge of the good (chih liang-chih). The idea of the extension of knowledge comes from the Great Learning and the idea of innate knowledge of the good from Mencius. Wangs theory is not merely a combination of the two but it gives them a new meaning

which gives a new complexion to Chinese thought.

Wang describes innate knowledge as 'the original substance of the mind,' 'the Principle of Nature,' 'the pure intelligence and clear consciousness of the mind,' the mind that is 'always shining' and reflects things as they come without being stirred, the spirit of creation, which 'produces heaven, earth, spiritual beings and the Lord,' and 'mans root which is intelligent. . . . It naturally grows and grows without cease.' In short, it is the Principle of Nature (Tien-li), which is not only the principle of right and wrong but also the principle that naturally extends. The mind in its original substance naturally knows the principle of filial piety, for example, when one sees ones parents, and naturally extends it into action.

This leads to another major contribution he made to Chinese philosophy, namely, the doctrine of the unity of knowledge and action. The Confucianists have always stressed the correspondence and equal importance of knowledge and action,but Wang was the first to identify them as one. According to him, knowledge is the beginning of action and action the completion of knowledge. No one really knows food unless he has tasted it, he argued. He was thinking only of a particular kind of knowledge, but his total emphasis on the will

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